Transfer of deformation during indentation: Inferences from the post- middle Miocene evolution of the Dinarides

Smectitization as a Trigger of Bacterially Mediated Mn-Fe Micronodule Generation in Felsic Glass (Livno-Tomislavgrad Paleolake, Bosnia and Herzegovina)

“…The Dinarides, as a constituent of the Alpine-Himalayan orogeny, experienced their major orogenic stage from the middle Eocene to early Oligocene [36,37]. During their late Oligocene postorogenic stage, the Dinaric mountains were affected by onset of extension and/or extensional tectonics, which resulted in development of a vast number of intramountain basins [37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. Following the commencement of favorable climatic conditions during the Miocene Climatic Optimum [44,45], these intramountain depression started to host a vast network of alpine lakes, The study of microbial-mineral interaction has also been proven to be vital in our understanding of the precipitation of various ferromanganese minerals typically found in the soil, deep-sea and lacustrine Mn-Fe nodules [26][27][28][29][30].…”

Strain partitioning during formation of oroclines and indentation

“…ASB -Andaman Sea Basin; EHS -East Himalayan Syntax; SF -Sagaing Fault. c) Adriatic indentation and transfer of deformation along the Dinarides orogen (simplified after Ratschbacher et al, 1991a;van Unen et al, 2019a;van Hinsbergen et al, 2020). d) Arabian indentation and different styles of deformation transfer along its lateral margins (simplified after Authemayou et al, 2006).…”

“…Other experimental studies have focused on deformation in front of an indenter (e.g., Marshak, 1988;Marshak et al, 1992;Zweigel, 1998 and references therein), where strike-slip deformation accommodates lateral extrusion (Tapponnier et al, 1982;Ratschbacher et al, 1991a, b;van Gelder et al, 2017). Often, strike-slip deformation links shortening in front of the indenter with deformation in another subduction system, such as observed in the Dinarides orogen connecting the shortening in the Alps with Aegean subduction (van Unen et al, 2019a), or the Sagaing Fault linking the shortening in the Himalayas with the Sunda subduction zone (e.g., Tapponnier et al, 1986;Morley, 2002;Sternai et al, 2016). In such settings, the geometry and motion of the indenter influence significantly the deformation and structural response around the rigid indenter (Luth et al, 2013).…”

“…For instance, the indentation of the Indian indenter is accommodated by shortening and uplift of the Himalayas and Tibet, and lateral extrusion towards SE Asia (Chen et al, 2000;Molnar and Tapponier, 1975;Searle et al, 2011;Shen et al, 2001;Sternai et al, 2016;Tapponier et al, 1986), shortening in front of the Arabian indenter is accompanied by Anatolian extrusion towards the Aegean (Kaymakci et al, 2010;Mantovani et al, 2006;Martinod et al, 2000;Regard et al, 2005), or the post-Oligocene shortening in the Eastern Alps is accompanied by extrusion towards the Pannonian-Carpathians region (Frisch et al, 1998;Neubauer et al, 2000;Ratschbacher et al, 1991b;Rosenberg et al, 2018;van Gelder et al, 2020, Wölfler et al, 2011. The lateral transfer of collisional shortening to other subduction systems is often facilitated by a complex strike-slip and transpressional/transtensional deformation associated with significant strain partitioning (e.g., Jolivet et al, 2018;van Hinsbergen et al, 2020;van Unen et al, 2019a). Similar to many other studies (e.g., Benesh et al, 2014;Cembrano et al, 2005;D'el-Rey Silva et al, 2011;De Vicente et al, 2009;Glen, 2004;Krézsek et al, 2013), we use the term strain partitioning in its general meaning of a multi-scale distribution of the total strain in different types of coeval structures whose kinematics cannot be explained by a homogenous stress field.…”

“…Similar to many other studies (e.g., Benesh et al, 2014;Cembrano et al, 2005;D'el-Rey Silva et al, 2011;De Vicente et al, 2009;Glen, 2004;Krézsek et al, 2013), we use the term strain partitioning in its general meaning of a multi-scale distribution of the total strain in different types of coeval structures whose kinematics cannot be explained by a homogenous stress field. Such cases of strain partitioning and deformation transfer during indentation include the Dinarides orogen that transfers the deformation from the Alps to the Aegean subduction (van Unen et al, 2019a), the East Anatolian and the Dead Sea faults that accommodate deformation along the lateral margin of the Arabian indenter (Lyberis et al, 1992;Perinçek and Çemen, 1990;Smit et al, 2010) or the Sagaing Fault of Indochina that connects India/Eurasia collision with the Sunda subduction system (Morley, 2002(Morley, , 2013Morley and Arboit, 2019;Vigny et al, 2003). Although kinematics along individual faults is well studied, the mechanisms of deformation transfer from shortening in front of an indenter to strike-slip along its lateral margins and the effects of indenter's geometry on strain partitioning are still not fully understood.…”