Transesterification of different vegetable oils using eggshells from various sources as catalyst

Rapeseed Oil Transesterification Using 1-Butanol and Eggshell as a Catalyst

“…Wei et al obtained a very similar optimal amount of catalyst as in this study, although methanol was used in the process [22]. Graziottin et al state that the optimal amount of catalyst is 3 wt%, however, the maximum obtained methyl ester yield is only 85 wt% [28]. The optimal amount of eggshell-7 wt% was also determined by applying the transesterification of soybean oil using methanol [23].…”

“…Proenca et al [31] found 10:1 to be the optimal alcohol-to-oil molar ratio in the macauba oil methyl ester production process. A study on the synthesis of soyabean oil methyl ester was conducted by Wei et al [22]; it was found that the optimal alcohol-to-oil molar ratio is 9:1, and the same optimal molar ratio of methanol-to-oil was determined by Graziottin et al [28]. Gaide et al [21] determined that an increase in the yield of rapeseed oil methyl ester is observed until the methanol-to-oil molar ratio increases up to 13:1, and further increase in the methanol amount leads to a decrease in the ester yield.…”

“…Gaide et al found an ester yield of 97.79 wt % after 9.48 h [21]. Other researchers have found that when using eggshell as a catalyst, ester yield varies from 95 to 99 wt% ester after 1-4 h [22,23,28,33,36,37].…”

“…Ramesh et al recommends to calcinate eggshell at a temperature no lower than 800 • C [27]. Graziottin and colleagues [28] and Goli and colleagues [23] calcined chicken eggshell in a range of temperatures of 200-1100 • C for 3 h; the same calcination temperature (900 • C) as Goli et al [23] was recommended by other researchers [29][30][31]. Wei et al [22] studied the calcination process of eggshell by varying the temperature from 200 to 1000 • C with a constant process duration of 2 h; an optimal temperature of 1000 • C was chosen.…”