Transesterification of castor oil using benzimidazolium based Brønsted acid ionic liquid catalyst

Khiratkar, Avinash Ganesh; Balinge, Kamlesh Rudreshwar; Patle, Dipesh S.; Krishnamurthy, Manikandan; Cheralathan, K.K.; Bhagat, Pundlik Rambhau

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2018.05.127

Cited by 59 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Initially, 5 mmol, i.e., 4.66 g of castor oil, 60 mmol, i.e., 1.92 g of MA (i.e., 1:12 oil-to-MA molar ratio), and 5 mol % (i.e., ∼2 wt %) of BBAIL catalyst were taken in a flask. These parameters were chosen as the starting point as these were found to be the optimum in our earlier study, 40 where mechanical stirring was carried out. A biodiesel yield of 96% was achieved using 1:12 castor oil-to-MA molar ratio with 5 mol % catalyst at 40 °C in 14 h. In the present study, intensification was carried out using a horn-type ultrasonicator.…”

Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonication-Assisted and Benzimidazolium-Based Brønsted Acid Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed Transesterification of Castor Oil

et al. 2018

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In this investigation, we report the synthesis of biodiesel using benzimidazolium-based brønsted acid ionic liquid (BBAIL) catalyst under the influence of ultrasonication. The prepared BBAIL catalyst was characterized by Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectroscopy techniques, and its acidity was determined by the Hammett method with 4-nitroaniline as the indicator. Ultrasonicator horn (22 kHz, 500 W) was used in this work with an on–off cycle of 50–20 s at 70% amplitude. The highest biodiesel yield of 96% was achieved by ultrasonication when 1:10 molar ratio of castor oil to methyl alcohol was used at 50 °C temperature with 9 mol % of the catalyst in just 90 min, which is about 10 times lesser than the process without ultrasonication. At similar conditions, 96% biodiesel yield was obtained in 14 h without ultrasonication. In summary, ultrasonication proved to be an efficient way to improve biodiesel synthesis in less time and BBAIL showed excellent activity toward the conversion of glycerides to synthesize biodiesel. Other important highlights are easy separation of the catalyst and recyclability up to three cycles with small decrease in its activity.

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Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonication-Assisted and Benzimidazolium-Based Brønsted Acid Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed Transesterification of Castor Oil

et al. 2018

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“…It is also very vital to select an optimum temperature in which a maximum yield can be achieved with less consumption of energy . Khiratkar et al studied the transesterification of castor oil using a benzimidazolium‐based Brønsted acid ionic liquid catalyst, the maximum yield of biodiesel was 96% at a 1:12 castor oil to methanol ratio, 40°C and 5 mol% catalyst loading at 14 hours. Using the same catalyst, Patle et al produced biodiesel under the influence of ultrasonication reducing the reaction time from 14 hours to 90 minutes.…”

Section: Castor Oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of castor oil–based polymers: A review

Nekhavhambe

Mukaya

Nkazi

2019

J Adv Manuf & Process

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Vegetable oils are a vital commodity in the industry because of the persisting challenges encountered with the utilization of fossil fuels, specifically petroleum. Petroleum-based polymers are a part of our day to day life, thus it is of importance to find sustainable ways to produce such indispensable commodities. Although various vegetable oils have been utilized to produce polymers, castor oil surpasses other vegetable oils, as it does not compete with the food industry as it is nonedible and as it is a natural polyol and has been used for polyurethane synthesis. Because of the versatility of castor oil chemistry, polymers such as epoxies, polyamides, and polyesters can be synthesized. The review focuses on the importance of castor oil toward the synthesis of various polymers and their versatile applications. K E Y W O R D Scastor oil, castor oil chemistry, epoxy nanocomposite, polyester, polyurethane

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“…Ionic liquid (IL), a special molten salt, is usually composed of organic cations and inorganic or organic anions and is also called a room-temperature molten salt. 21 Since the composition of ILs can be flexibly adjusted, there are many types of ILs such as imidazole, pyridine, quaternary ammonium, and quaternary phosphorus ILs. The anions cover almost all organic and inorganic anions and the representative anions are HSO 4 – , BF 4 – , PF 6 – , CF 3 COO – , Br – , etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonic-Assisted Ionic Liquid Extraction of Two Biflavonoids from Selaginella tamariscina

Jiang

Wang

et al. 2020

ACS Omega

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Selaginella tamariscina, a traditional Chinese medicine, contains a variety of bioactive components, among which biflavonoids are the main active ingredients and have antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, ultrasonic-assisted ionic liquid extraction (UAILE) is used for the first time to extract two main biflavonoids (amentoflavone (AME) and hinokiflavone (HIN)) from S. tamariscina. A high-performance liquid chromatography method is used for the simultaneous determination of AME and HIN in S. tamariscina. Then, three novel ILs are synthesized for the first time by a one-step method using benzoxazole and three acids or acid salts as raw materials, and the structures of the synthesized ILs are characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy, as well as the thermal stability of the ILs is evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis. After screening the extraction effects of three benzoxazole ILs, three pyridine ILs, and three imidazole ILs, it is found that [Bpy]BF 4 is the best and therefore selected as the extractant. The optimal extraction process is explored in terms of the yields of AME and HIN from S. tamariscina by a single-factor experiments and response surface analysis. Under the optimal level of each influencing factor (IL concentration of 0.15 mol/L, solid−liquid ratio of 1:12 g/mL, ultrasonic power of 280 W, ultrasonic time of 30 min, and three extraction cycles), the extraction rates of AME and HIN from S. tamariscina are 13.51 and 6.74 mg/g, respectively. Moreover, the recovery experiment of [Bpy]BF 4 on the extraction of biflavonoids shows that the recovered IL can repeatedly extract targets six times and the extraction rate is about 90%, which indicates that the IL can be effectively reused. UAILE can effectively and selectively extract AME and HIN, laying the foundation for the application of S. tamariscina.

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Transesterification of castor oil using benzimidazolium based Brønsted acid ionic liquid catalyst

Cited by 59 publications

References 38 publications

Ultrasonication-Assisted and Benzimidazolium-Based Brønsted Acid Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed Transesterification of Castor Oil

Ultrasonication-Assisted and Benzimidazolium-Based Brønsted Acid Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed Transesterification of Castor Oil

Development of castor oil–based polymers: A review

Ultrasonic-Assisted Ionic Liquid Extraction of Two Biflavonoids from Selaginella tamariscina

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