Transepithelial Transport of Chlorogenic Acid, Caffeic Acid, and Their Colonic Metabolites in Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Monolayers

Abstract

Both chlorogenic and caffeic acids exhibited nonsaturable transport in Caco-2 cells, whereas caffeic acid also showed proton-coupled polarized absorption. Thus, the absorption efficiency of caffeic acid was greater than that of chlorogenic acid. Polarized transport of caffeic acid was inhibited by substrates of MCT such as benzoic and acetic acids. Almost all of the apically loaded chlorogenic and caffeic acid was retained on the apical side, and the transepithelial flux was inversely correlated with the paracellular permeability of Caco-2 cells. These results indicate that transport was mainly via paracellular diffusion, although caffeic acid was absorbed to a lesser extent by the monocarboxylic acid transporter (MCT). Furthermore, m-coumaric acid and 3-(m-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, the main metabolites of chlorogenic and caffeic acid by colonic microflora, competitively inhibited the transport of fluorescein, a known substrate of MCT. This suggests that their absorption could also be mediated by MCT. These findings have exemplified the physiological importance of MCT-mediated absorption in both phenolic acids per se and their colonic metabolites.

Transport oftrans-tiliroside (kaempferol-3-β-D-(6″-p-coumaroyl-glucopyranoside) and related flavonoids across Caco-2 cells, as a model of absorption and metabolism in the small intestine

“…p-Coumaric acid was found to have a significant apical to basolateral transfer (37%) of p-coumaric acid, and a lower basolateral efflux (12%), which is consistent with previously published work (Konishi and Shimizu, 2003;Konishi and Kobayashi, 2004;Poquet et al, 2008). p-Coumaric acid is hydrophilic (Log P -0.65 (Luo et al, 2011)) and has a relatively low molecular weight (164).…”

“…The degree of phenolic acid transport is associated with the extent of ionisation (Poquet et al, 2008); ionisation creates a concentration gradient across the intestinal cells allowing passive diffusion of the phenolic acid. It has also been proposed that facilitated transport of coumaric acid using a proton pump, which is only active across a concentration gradient (Konishi and Shimizu, 2003;Konishi and Kobayashi, 2004).…”

Anticancer Properties of Hydroxycinnamic Acids -A Review

“…These esterase activity are able to release cinnamic acid of CGA structure, which can then be absorbed and metabolized to its primary metabolites (caffeic acid, ferulic, isoferulic, and p-coumaric) (Couteau et al 2001). Additionally, Konishi et al (2004) demonstrated that CA liberated from CGA by intestinal mucosa esterase, is not only absorbed via paracellular diffusion but also actively absorbed by the monocarboxylic acid transporter www.ccsenet.org/cco Cancer and Clinical Oncology Vol. 1, No.…”

Antioxidant Activity of Caffeic Acid and Its Derivatives

“…kwasy: m-kumarowy, ferulowy i 3-hydroksyfenylopropionowy) mogą wnikać do komórek przy udziale białek transportowych z rodziny MCT (ang. monocarboxylic acid transporter) [19]. W komórkach nabłonka jelita i w wątrobie kwas kawowy ulega glukuronidacji przy udziale UDP-transferazy glukuronowej.…”