Transection of the Spinal Cord in Developing<i>Xenopus Laevis</i>

Sims, Richard

doi:10.1242/dev.10.2.115

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In fact, Xenopus larvae was shown by many to progressively decrease their ability to regenerate their tail (containing the spinal cord, the notochord, and the segmented muscles, surrounded by connective tissue and epidermis) and limbs with age. In fact, limb amputation or spinal cord transection before metamorphosis climax (stage 57–60) results in a perfect regeneration of both limbs and spinal cord in 10–14 days after damage 103,104 . In contrast, post‐metamorphic Xenopus froglets lost their ability to fully regenerate their tail and limbs, 33 demonstrating instead a deficient pattern or incomplete regeneration, along with the appearance of fibrotic wound healing in older frogs 105 .…”

Section: Amphibiansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, limb amputation or spinal cord transection before metamorphosis climax (stage 57-60) results in a perfect regeneration of both limbs and spinal cord in 10-14 days after damage. 103,104 In contrast, post-metamorphic Xenopus froglets lost their ability to fully regenerate their tail and limbs, 33 demonstrating instead a deficient pattern or incomplete regeneration, along with the appearance of fibrotic wound healing in older frogs. 105 The gradual loss of regenerative ability of these animals may be related to specific signaling cues related with the Bmp and Notch, [106][107][108] Wnt and fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 109,110 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathways.…”

Section: Xenopus Laevismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cell transplantation and secretome based approaches in spinal cord injury regenerative medicine

Silva

Pinto

Salgado

2021

Medicinal Research Reviews

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The axonal growth‐restrictive character of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) makes finding a therapeutic strategy a very demanding task, due to the postinjury events impeditive to spontaneous axonal outgrowth and regeneration. Considering SCI pathophysiology complexity, it has been suggested that an effective therapy should tackle all the SCI‐related aspects and provide sensory and motor improvement to SCI patients. Thus, the current aim of any therapeutic approach for SCI relies in providing neuroprotection and support neuroregeneration. Acknowledging the current SCI treatment paradigm, cell transplantation is one of the most explored approaches for SCI with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) being in the forefront of many of these. Studies showing the beneficial effects of MSC transplantation after SCI have been proposing a paracrine action of these cells on the injured tissues, through the secretion of protective and trophic factors, rather than attributing it to the action of cells itself. This manuscript provides detailed information on the most recent data regarding the neuroregenerative effect of the secretome of MSCs as a cell‐free based therapy for SCI. The main challenge of any strategy proposed for SCI treatment relies in obtaining robust preclinical evidence from in vitro and in vivo models, before moving to the clinics, so we have specifically focused on the available vertebrate and mammal models of SCI currently used in research and how can SCI field benefit from them.

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Section: Amphibiansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Xenopus Laevismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell transplantation and secretome based approaches in spinal cord injury regenerative medicine

Silva

Pinto

Salgado

2021

Medicinal Research Reviews

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“…In contrast, the regrowth in larval lamprey, adult urodeles, and teleost fish is more limited. Reports of axotomized M-cells that lack sprouts have utilized silverstained preparations which are difficult to interpret since this method limits the ability to detect fine processes (Xenopus larvae, Sims, 1962;adult urodeles, Piatt, 1955;adult goldfish, Bernstein, 1964). However, the M-axon was shown to traverse a wound site in one case in an adult urodele (Piatt, 1955).…”

Section: Mauthner-axon Sprouts Are Capable Of Regrowing Across Spinomedullary Level-crush Woundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival and Axonal Outgrowth of the Mauthner Cell Following Spinal Cord Crush Does Not Drive Post-injury Startle Responses

Zottoli

Faber

Hering

et al. 2021

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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A pair of Mauthner cells (M-cells) can be found in the hindbrain of most teleost fish, as well as amphibians and lamprey. The axons of these reticulospinal neurons cross the midline and synapse on interneurons and motoneurons as they descend the length of the spinal cord. The M-cell initiates fast C-type startle responses (fast C-starts) in goldfish and zebrafish triggered by abrupt acoustic/vibratory stimuli. Starting about 70 days after whole spinal cord crush, less robust startle responses with longer latencies manifest in adult goldfish, Carassius auratus. The morphological and electrophysiological identifiability of the M-cell provides a unique opportunity to study cellular responses to spinal cord injury and the relation of axonal regrowth to a defined behavior. After spinal cord crush at the spinomedullary junction about one-third of the damaged M-axons of adult goldfish send at least one sprout past the wound site between 56 and 85 days postoperatively. These caudally projecting sprouts follow a more lateral trajectory relative to their position in the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis of control fish. Other sprouts, some from the same axon, follow aberrant pathways that include rostral projections, reversal of direction, midline crossings, neuromas, and projection out the first ventral root. Stimulating M-axons in goldfish that had post-injury startle behavior between 198 and 468 days postoperatively resulted in no or minimal EMG activity in trunk and tail musculature as compared to control fish. Although M-cells can survive for at least 468 day (∼1.3 years) after spinal cord crush, maintain regrowth, and elicit putative trunk EMG responses, the cell does not appear to play a substantive role in the emergence of acoustic/vibratory-triggered responses. We speculate that aberrant pathway choice of this neuron may limit its role in the recovery of behavior and discuss structural and functional properties of alternative candidate neurons that may render them more supportive of post-injury startle behavior.

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“…, regenerative success (tadpole) or regenerative failure (froglet), respectively. 45 − 47 This allows for the comparison of successful or failed regeneration within the same species. Again, we focus on glycosylation changes following injury comparing these two developmental stages, here using lectin histochemistry to look at a selection of monosaccharides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this, we employed an amphibian model, Xenopus laevis, as it presents two distinct responses to SCI depending on whether the animal is pre- or postmetamorphic, i.e. , regenerative success (tadpole) or regenerative failure (froglet), respectively. − This allows for the comparison of successful or failed regeneration within the same species. Again, we focus on glycosylation changes following injury comparing these two developmental stages, here using lectin histochemistry to look at a selection of monosaccharides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct Glycosylation Responses to Spinal Cord Injury in Regenerative and Nonregenerative Models

et al. 2022

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Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in disruption of tissue integrity and loss of function. We hypothesize that glycosylation has a role in determining the occurrence of regeneration and that biomaterial treatment can influence this glycosylation response. We investigated the glycosylation response to spinal cord transection in Xenopus laevis and rat. Transected rats received an aligned collagen hydrogel. The response compared regenerative success, regenerative failure, and treatment in an established nonregenerative mammalian system. In a healthy rat spinal cord, ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) N-glycoprofiling identified complex, hybrid, and oligomannose N-glycans. Following rat SCI, complex and outer-arm fucosylated glycans decreased while oligomannose and hybrid structures increased. Sialic acid was associated with microglia/macrophages following SCI. Treatment with aligned collagen hydrogel had a minimal effect on the glycosylation response. In Xenopus , lectin histochemistry revealed increased levels of N -acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) in premetamorphic animals. The addition of GlcNAc is required for processing complex-type glycans and is a necessary foundation for additional branching. A large increase in sialic acid was observed in nonregenerative animals. This work suggests that glycosylation may influence regenerative success. In particular, loss of complex glycans in rat spinal cord may contribute to regeneration failure. Targeting the glycosylation response may be a promising strategy for future therapies.

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Transection of the Spinal Cord in DevelopingXenopus Laevis

Cited by 12 publications

References 14 publications

Cell transplantation and secretome based approaches in spinal cord injury regenerative medicine

Cell transplantation and secretome based approaches in spinal cord injury regenerative medicine

Survival and Axonal Outgrowth of the Mauthner Cell Following Spinal Cord Crush Does Not Drive Post-injury Startle Responses

Distinct Glycosylation Responses to Spinal Cord Injury in Regenerative and Nonregenerative Models

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