“…While under (ii), various technologies such as micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) [20,21], laser cutting [22,23], 3D printing [24,25], and lithography [26][27][28] have been applied for production of MN. transdermal permeation of insulin [5], caffeine [6], human growth hormone [7], lidocaine [8], ovalbumin [9], bovine albumin [10], bevacizumab [11], rapamycin [12], Calcein [13], parathyroid hormone [14] and levonorgestrel [15]. MNs have also been explored for the delivery of other molecules such as peptides, ocular drugs and cancer drugs [16].…”