Transcutaneous Po2 and Pco2 Monitoring at 37°C Cutaneous Po2 and Pco2

Rooth, Gösta; Ewald, Uwe; Caligara, F.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1927-6_4

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…One hundred years later, Baumberger and Good-friend 59 reported the determination of arterial P O 2 in humans through the intact skin, by immersing a finger into a phosphate buffer solution at 45 °C and measuring its P O 2 using a droppingmercury electrode. These findings were confirmed in 1957 by Rooth et al, 60 who used a large bare platinum electrode to measure the P O 2 . 59 A decade later, Huch et al 61 showed that after drug-induced hyperaemia, P O 2 values very close to arterial oxygen partial pressures could be measured with surface P O 2 sensors on the skin of newborn babies.…”

Section: Transcutaneous Sensorssupporting

confidence: 52%

Tutorial ReviewElectrochemical analysis of clinicalblood-gases, gases and vapours

Hahn¹

1998

Analyst

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This tutorial review charts the development of electrochemical sensors for the analysis of blood-gases, gases and vapours in clinical medicine over the past four decades. The development of each sensor is set in its historical and clinical context, and the first part of the review concentrates on aqueous electrolyte electrochemistry and on those sensors which have made a major impact on the clinical measurement of the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. The electrochemical interference effects of anaesthetic agents on these measurements are also described. Those electrochemical sensors which have failed, in the past, to make a clear impact in this area are not considered, but the few attempts to devise aqueous electrolyte electrochemical sensors for anaesthetic agent measurement are reviewed. The second part of the review describes the chequered history of the development of non-aqueous solvent electrochemical sensors to measure the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, in both the presence and absence of each other, in the gas phase. The last part of the review examines various attempts, using non-aqueous solvent electrochemistry, to measure the concentration of inhalational anaesthetic vapours in the gas phase. These sensors have yet to make an impact on clinical practice. Throughout this tutorial review, theoretical models of membrane-covered electrochemical sensors are described where appropriate. This review represents a personal view of the development of electrochemical sensors for clinical measurement, and it is therefore necessarily selective in its approach and emphasis.

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Section: Transcutaneous Sensorssupporting

confidence: 52%

Tutorial ReviewElectrochemical analysis of clinicalblood-gases, gases and vapours

Hahn¹

1998

Analyst

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“…This factor is not infrequently part of the software of the tcPco 2 equipment. This factor varies, and Rooth et al . (1987) used a value of 1.6 for adult men.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

6. Transcutaneous Pco₂ and Po₂

1992

BJOG

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“…below 44°C—lies somewhere between venous and arterial blood, from a gaseous content point of view. More specifically, Rooth et al (1987) hypothesised that the subcutaneous capillary pCO 2 — i.e. tcpCO 2 —would be a barycentre between venous and arterial pCO 2 , as illustrated in Figure 11 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reason for heating the skin in the first place is to trigger a local reactive hyperaemia ( Roustit and Cracowski, 2012 ). By doing so, the subcutaneous tissues are flushed with fresh arterial blood, and their gaseous content thus gets closer to the arterial one ( Koch, 1965 ; Rooth et al, 1987 ; Zavorsky et al, 2007 ). While temperatures in the 42–44°C range have often been used to trigger maximal hyperaemia, lower temperatures have been seldom explored ( Hodges et al, 2016 ), and we thus took advantage of our exhalation rate measurements to measure the skin blood flow at lower temperatures simultaneously.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin temperature influence on transcutaneous carbon dioxide (CO2) conductivity and skin blood flow in healthy human subjects at the arm and wrist

Dervieux,

Guerrero,

Uhring

et al. 2024

Front. Physiol.

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Objective: present transcutaneous carbon dioxide (CO2)—tcpCO2—monitors suffer from limitations which hamper their widespread use, and call for a new tcpCO2 measurement technique. However, the progress in this area is hindered by the lack of knowledge in transcutaneous CO2 diffusion. To address this knowledge gap, this study focuses on investigating the influence of skin temperature on two key skin properties: CO2 permeability and skin blood flow.Methods: a monocentric prospective exploratory study including 40 healthy adults was undertaken. Each subject experienced a 90 min visit split into five 18 min sessions at different skin temperatures—Non-Heated (NH), 35, 38, 41, and 44°C. At each temperature, custom sensors measured transcutaneous CO2 conductivity and exhalation rate at the arm and wrist, while Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) assessed skin blood flow at the arm.Results: the three studied metrics sharply increased with rising skin temperature. Mean values increased from the NH situation up to 44°C from 4.03 up to 8.88 and from 2.94 up to 8.11 m·s−1 for skin conductivity, and from 80.4 up to 177.5 and from 58.7 up to 162.3 cm3·m−2·h−1 for exhalation rate at the arm and wrist, respectively. Likewise, skin blood flow increased elevenfold for the same temperature increase. Of note, all metrics already augmented significantly in the 35–38°C skin temperature range, which may be reached without active heating—i.e. only using a warm clothing.Conclusion: these results are extremely encouraging for the development of next-generation tcpCO2 sensors. Indeed, the moderate increase (× 2) in skin conductivity from NH to 44°C tends to indicate that heating the skin is not critical from a response time point of view, i.e. little to no skin heating would only result in a doubled sensor response time in the worst case, compared to a maximal heating at 44°C. Crucially, a skin temperature within the 35–38°C range already sharply increases the skin blood flow, suggesting that tcpCO2 correlates well with the arterial paCO2 even at such low skin temperatures. These two conclusions further strengthen the viability of non-heated tcpCO2 sensors, thereby paving the way for the development of wearable transcutaneous capnometers.

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Transcutaneous Po2 and Pco2 Monitoring at 37°C Cutaneous Po2 and Pco2

Cited by 5 publications

References 6 publications

Tutorial ReviewElectrochemical analysis of clinicalblood-gases, gases and vapours

Tutorial ReviewElectrochemical analysis of clinicalblood-gases, gases and vapours

6. Transcutaneous Pco₂ and Po₂

Skin temperature influence on transcutaneous carbon dioxide (CO2) conductivity and skin blood flow in healthy human subjects at the arm and wrist

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Transcutaneous Po2 and Pco2 Monitoring at 37°C Cutaneous Po2 and Pco2

Cited by 5 publications

References 6 publications

Tutorial ReviewElectrochemical analysis of clinicalblood-gases, gases and vapours

Tutorial ReviewElectrochemical analysis of clinicalblood-gases, gases and vapours

6. Transcutaneous Pco2 and Po2

Skin temperature influence on transcutaneous carbon dioxide (CO2) conductivity and skin blood flow in healthy human subjects at the arm and wrist

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6. Transcutaneous Pco₂ and Po₂