Transcutaneous absorption of boric acid

Ducey, James; Williams, Darrell

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(53)80305-7

Cited by 42 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Second, Fi~her,"'~) Ducey and Brooke, (178) and are^('^^) observed the presence of intracytoplasmic inclusions in the pancreas of six patients with Boric Acid poisoning. First, Pinto et observed that massive quantities of riboflavin were excreted in the urine of patients with Boric Acid poisoning.…”

Section: Other Clinical Experiencementioning

confidence: 96%

6 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Sodium Borate and Boric Acid

1983

Journal of the American College of Toxicology

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Sodium Borate and Boric Acid are used in cosmetics as preservatives, antiseptics, water softeners, pH adjusters, emulsifiers, neutralizers, stabilizers, buffers, or viscosifiers.Investigators have reported that Sodium Borate and Boric Acid are poorly absorbed through intact skin; however, both compounds are absorbed through abraded, denuded, or burned skin. In a 90-day dermal toxicity study, Boric Acid (25-200 mg/kg/day) was nonirritating and nontoxic when applied to the intact skin of rabbits. Sodium Borate and Boric Acid were relatively nontoxic when tested orally in animals.A 59b Sodium Borate in water solution was mildly or moderately irritating to the skin of rabbits and guinea pigs, and practically nonirritating when instilled in rabbits' eyes. Acute studies indicated that, at 10% in water, Boric Acid was mildly or moderately irritating to the skin of rabbits and guinea pigs. Sodium Borate or Boric Acid in the diet of rabbits and rats caused growth retardation. Doses of up to 1.06 g/kg/day Sodium Borate in the diet of male rats exerted toxic effects on the gonads as well as infertility.Boric Acid was nonmutagenic in the Ames test. Boric Acid induced reduced eye phenocopies and lumpy chromosomal inclusions in Drosophila melanogaster. Limited carcinogenic and teratogenic studies did not indicate a statistically significant effect.In clinical studies, cosmetic formulations containing up to 3.2% Sodium Borate were nonirritating to moderately irritating and nonsensitizing when applied to human skin. Formulations containing up to 2.496 Boric Acid were moderately irritating and practically nonirritating. Photopatch testing of formulations containing 1.1 % or 1.7% Sodium Borate were negative, Based on the increased absorption of Boric Acid by damaged skin as compared to intact skin, as well as the testicular atrophy observed in experimental animals, the Panel concluded that Sodium Borate and Boric Acid, in concentrations s 5%, are safe as cosmetic ingredients when used as currently recommended; however, cosmetic formulations containing free Sodium Borate or Boric Acid at this concentration should not be used on infant or injured skin.

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Section: Other Clinical Experiencementioning

confidence: 96%

6 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Sodium Borate and Boric Acid

1983

Journal of the American College of Toxicology

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“…Obwohl ein verbessertes Grundverständnis der Physiologie der kindlichen Haut die topische Behandlung im Kindesalter wesentlich verbessern würde, sind wesentliche Aspekte bislang nur ungenügend bekannt, da die Möglichkeiten zur Durchführung der notwendigen invasiven Untersuchungen am Neugeborenen und im frühen Kindesalter durch ethisch-moralische Grün-de limitiert ist. Demzufolge resultieren die meisten Kenntnisse der pädiatri-schen Externatherapie aus langjährigen praktischen Erfahrungen, aus der Behandlung von Frühgeborenen und aus Berichten von kindlichen Intoxikationen, die durch Lokaltherapie verursacht worden waren [8,44].Weiterhin ergeben sich Besonderheiten der Lokaltherapie im Kindesalter aus der Tatsache, daß bestimmte Dermatosen, wie z.B. die Sandbox-Dermatitis, die Impetigo und die Windeldermatitis fast ausschließlich im Kindesalter auftreten [7,33].…”

Section: Die äUßerlichen Behandlungen Vonunclassified

Besonderheiten der topischen Behandlung im Kindesalter

et al. 1998

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Although the barrier function and thickness of the stratum corneum is fully developed in newborns, the infant shows numerous differences in cutaneous and systemic metabolism of topically applied substances in comparison to adults. This discrepancy between children and adults has been explained by the greater systemic availability due to the greater surface area to weight ratio in children. Several topically applied drugs such as hexachlorophene, phenol, salicylic acid and boric acid in high concentration or on large areas have caused toxic reactions and fatalities in infants. Therapeutic approaches to childhood dermatoses differ from these used in adults. These age-dependent differences concerning the topical application of glucocorticosteroids, urea and dyes are described for the treatment of atopic eczema. The development of innovative topical drugs may extend therapeutic options especially in children as shown by a new topical anesthetic cream improving the treatment of mollusca contagiosa, a common childhood problem. Finally, certain physiological differences should be considered in newborn and infant skin care.

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“…During 1949 a number of infant deaths were traced to such use. [5][6][7][8] On several occasions, aniline dyes used to stencil the hospital name on diapers have been found to cause toxic reactions and even death in hospital nurseries. Readily absorbed by the skin, aniline oil enters the blood stream, causing methemoglobinemia.9-14 One such case occurred in New York City's Cumberland Hospital in 1959.…”

Section: Industry Controls Prevent Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Contribution of Diaper Service Accreditation to Infant Health Care

Livesey¹

1972

Clin Pediatr (Phila)

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Setting up an accreditation system which establishes high standards can upgrade any industry that is willing to discipline itself for better service to the public. ITH continued population growth and limitations in the availahility of primary health personnel, the responsibilities for an increasing number of health care services are being assumed by commercial organizations. Many health industries lack public health regulations or government standards for their operations and the medical profession must depend on the informed integrity of the individual companies which provide these services.One outstanding example of an important item in infant health care is the diaper, inasmuch as the skin is an important interface between the baby and his environment. Over the years the diaper service industry has learned to provide a quality product that has served as the best prevention of diaper dermatitis.The concept of the prophylactic diaper has motivated the National Institute of Infant Services, representing most of the nation's dia-. per services, to consider itself a part of the health care industry. Using technology acquired over thirty years of research, it has developed a full-scale accreditation program to assure the availability of high quality diapers consistent with today's advanced standards.For 26 years the industry has consistent laboratory records of spot checks on an estimated seven and a half to eight million diapers processed each day, five times a week. During this 26-year period, over 45,000,000 babies have been served successfully by professional diaper services in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico.A quality diaper meets the following specifications :1. Elimination of bacteria normally found to be pathogenic 2. Finish to the pH of normal skin (pH 5.5 ± 1.5) 3. Impregnation with a safe bacteriostat to retard the development of ammonia while in use 4. Sufficient softness to prevent abrasion 5. Adequate absorbency 6. Whiteness retained for esthetic reasonsThe Search for Diaper QualityThe industry association has retained an independent medical laboratory under the direction of a clinical pathologist t to monitor member performance. Members submit random sample diapers once a month for testing and comparison with previously established microbiologic and conditioning standards to eliminate caustic residues and meet pH requirements., This program was expanded in 1953 to include the control of bacteriostatic impregnation, since a bacteriostat to retard the development of ammonia while the diaper is in use is highly desirable.Standards were set up for each type of antiseptic used. Over the years, records have shown that members' performance reflects increasing exactitude and skill in product quality control.~ 2 The industry has avoided major disasters because it has sought professional advice and continued research. Examples of studies in

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Transcutaneous absorption of boric acid

Cited by 42 publications

References 12 publications

6 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Sodium Borate and Boric Acid

6 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Sodium Borate and Boric Acid

Besonderheiten der topischen Behandlung im Kindesalter

The Contribution of Diaper Service Accreditation to Infant Health Care

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