Transcriptomics and metabolomics reveal the primary and secondary metabolism changes in Glycyrrhiza uralensis with different forms of nitrogen utilization

Abstract

The roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. represent the oldest and most frequently used herbal medicines in Eastern and Western countries. However, the quality of cultivated G. uralensis has not been adequate to meet the market demand, thereby exerting increased pressure on wild G. uralensis populations. Nitrogen, vital for plant growth, potentially influences the bioactive constituents of plants. Yet, more information is needed regarding the effect of different forms of nitrogen on G. uralensis. G. uralensis seedlings were exposed to a modified Hoagland nutrient solution (HNS), varying concentrations of nitrate (KNO3), or ammonium (NH4)2SO4. We subsequently obtained the roots of G. uralensis for physiology, transcriptomics, and metabolomics analyses. Our results indicated that medium-level ammonium nitrogen was more effective in promoting G. uralensis growth compared to nitrate nitrogen. However, low-level nitrate nitrogen distinctly accelerated the accumulation of flavonoid ingredients. Illumina sequencing of cDNA libraries prepared from four groups—treated independently with low/medium NH4+ or NO3- identified 364, 96, 103, and 64 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each group. Our investigation revealed a general molecular and physiological metabolism stimulation under exclusive NH4+ or NO3- conditions. This included nitrogen absorption and assimilation, glycolysis, Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, flavonoid, and triterpenoid metabolism. By creating and combining putative biosynthesis networks of nitrogen metabolism, flavonoids, and triterpenoids with related structural DEGs, we observed a positive correlation between the expression trend of DEGs and flavonoid accumulation. Notably, treatments with low-level NH4+ or medium-level NO3- positively improved primary metabolism, including amino acids, TCA cycle, and glycolysis metabolism. Meanwhile, low-level NH4+ and NO3- treatment positively regulated secondary metabolism, especially the biosynthesis of flavonoids in G. uralensis. Our study lays the foundation for a comprehensive analysis of molecular responses to varied nitrogen forms in G. uralensis, which should help understand the relationships between responsive genes and subsequent metabolic reactions. Furthermore, our results provide new insights into the fundamental mechanisms underlying the treatment of G. uralensis and other Glycyrrhiza plants with different nitrogen forms.

Nitrogen Sources Reprogram Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism to Promote Andrographolide Biosynthesis in Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees Seedlings

“…Secondary metabolites (including N-containing organic compounds, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds) are derived from primary metabolism pathways such as tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, methylerythritol phosphate pathway (MEP), and mevalonic and shikimic acid pathways [12], among which the TCA cycle bridges the C and N metabolisms and therefore is in the center of regulation on primary and secondary metabolism. The mechanisms by which N sources regulate secondary metabolism in medicinal plants at least include (1) modulating the expression of genes in the synthetic pathway of secondary metabolites [13] and (2) reprogramming primary C and N metabolism. The uptake and assimilation of different N sources affect cytoplasmic pH [14].…”

“…N sources affect the components and content of bioactive ingredients in medicinal plants by modulating the expression of genes in the synthetic pathway [7,13]. Since the complete pathway for the synthesis of andrographolide has not yet been elucidated, studies for the genes of andrographolide biosynthesis mainly focus on those in the MVA and MEP pathways.…”