Transcriptomic responses in rainbow trout gills upon infection with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV)

Aquilino, Carolina; Castro, Rosario; Fischer, Uwe; Tafalla, Carolina

doi:10.1016/j.dci.2013.11.006

Cited by 51 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…By contrast, IgM responses were detected systemically upon both immunization routes (33). When rainbow trout were exposed to the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) by intramuscular injection (13) or were infected by bath challenge (59), IgM and IgT responses were observed in spleen after 3 weeks (13) and in gills only 1 dpc (59), respectively. However, intracoelomic injections (equivalent to intraperitoneal in mammals) with VHSV induced no early upregulation of neither IgM nor IgT in liver (14).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Modulation of IgT and IgM upon Parasitic, Bacterial, Viral, and Dietary Challenges in a Perciform Fish

et al. 2016

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Three different immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes can be found in teleost fish, IgM, IgD, and the teleost-specific IgT. IgM is considered to have a systemic activity, and IgT is attributed a mucosal role, similar to mammalian IgA. In this study, the complete sequence of gilthead sea bream IgM and IgT in their membrane (m) and soluble (s) forms are described for the first time in a perciform fish. Their constitutive gene expression is analyzed in different tissues, and their regulation upon viral, bacterial, parasitic, mucosal vaccination and dietary challenges are studied. GCB IgM and IgT have the prototypical structure when compared to other fish Igs. The constitutive expression of sIgM was the highest overall in all tissues, whereas mIgT expression was highest in mucosal tissues, such as gills and intestine. IgM and IgT were differentially regulated upon infection. IgT was highly upregulated locally upon infection with the intestinal parasite Enteromyxum leei or systemically after Nodavirus infection. Long-term intestinal parasitic infections increased the serum titer of both isotypes. Mucosal vaccination against Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida finely regulated the Ig response inducing a systemic increase of IgM titers in serum and a local IgT response in skin mucus when animals were exposed to the pathogen by bath challenge. Interestingly, plant-based diets inhibit IgT upregulation upon intestinal parasitic challenge, which was related to a worse disease outcome. All these results corroborate the mucosal role of IgT and emphasize the importance of a finely tuned regulation of Ig isotypes upon infection, which could be of special interest in vaccination studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Modulation of IgT and IgM upon Parasitic, Bacterial, Viral, and Dietary Challenges in a Perciform Fish

et al. 2016

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“…Fish CXCR4s are detected in immune tissues and lymphocytes (Daniels et al, 1999;Jia and Zhang, 2009;Lin et al, 2012;Yeh and Klesius, 2010;Zhang et al, 2013). In rainbow trout, VHSV infection up-regulates CXCR4 expression in the gills and CD8+ cells (Aquilino et al, 2014). Interestingly, in orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), CXCR4 expression is significantly up-regulated in the eye and brain where nervous necrosis virus infection and replication take place (Lin et al, 2012), suggesting it may be involved in neuron pathology in these tissues.…”

Section: Cxcr4mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…IL-1b, TNF and MCSF) (Wang et al, 2008b;Xu et al, 2014a); however, trout CXCR3b expression is not affected. In a separate study, VHSV infection led to a significant increase in CXCR3b transcripts in rainbow trout gills (Aquilino et al, 2014). In addition, the CXCR3a+ cells may play a role in protecting the brain from pathogen infection since a significant number of CXCR3a+ cells are found in different regions of the brain (Chang et al, 2007).…”

Section: Cxcr3mentioning

confidence: 97%

The CXC chemokine receptors of fish: Insights into CXCR evolution in the vertebrates

Zou¹,

Redmond²,

Qi³

et al. 2015

General and Comparative Endocrinology

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“…Reverse transcription was also performed by using the Power SYBR green Cells-to-Ct kit (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. To evaluate the levels of transcription of the different genes, real-time PCR was performed with a LightCycler 96 System instrument (Roche), using SYBR green PCR core reagents (Applied Biosystems) and specific primers described previously (16,(26)(27)(28) and summarized in Table 1. The efficiency of amplification was determined for each primer pair by using serial 10-fold dilutions of pooled cDNA, and only primer pairs with efficiency values of between 1.95 and 2 were used.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Activation of Teleost B Cells in Response to Rhabdovirus Infection

Abós

Castro

Granja

et al. 2015

J Virol

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To date, the response of teleost B cells to specific pathogens has been only scarcely addressed. In this work, we have demonstrated that viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a fish rhabdovirus, has the capacity to infect rainbow trout spleen IgMpositive (IgM ؉ ) cells, although the infection is not productive. Consequently, we have studied the effects of VHSV on IgM ؉ cell functionality, comparing these effects to those elicited by a Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligand, poly(I·C). We found that poly(I·C) and VHSV significantly upregulated TLR3 and type I interferon (IFN) transcription in spleen and blood IgM In mammals, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize highly conserved structures of viral (TLR3, -7, -8, and -9) and bacterial (TLR1, -2, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, and -9) origins. While TLR1, -2, -4, -5, and -6, together with TLR11 and TLR12 in mice and TLR10 in humans, are mostly expressed on the cell surface, a second group of TLRs, including TLR3, -7, -8, and -9, are localized within endosomal compartments and detect foreign nucleic acids (1). Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through TLRs and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) leads to the activation and maturation of innate immune cells such as macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs). Additionally, once the presence of several TLR receptors on distinct populations of human and murine B cells was verified, further investigations concluded that B cells have evolved to directly sense microbes and that this TLR-mediated activation of B cells contributes to the establishment of an adequate humoral response (2). However, controversy remains as to what degree TLR signaling in B cells conditions the antibody response. On one hand, early studies showed that mice lacking B cell TLR signaling failed to mount an efficient antibody response (3). However, subsequent studies suggested a slightly different model in which these receptors play a role in the regulation of antibody class switching and in sustaining antibody secretion at late times after immunization in B cells (4), contributing to the amplification of the humoral response but not being completely responsible for it (5). In support of these observations, further studies demonstrated that the primary responses of some immunoglobulin (Ig) subclasses (i.e., IgG2a or IgG2c) were absolutely dependent on signaling through the adaptor protein MyD88, used by most TLRs, whereas other Ig classes were not (IgG1 and IgG3) or were much less (IgG2b and IgA) dependent on the MyD88 signaling cascade (6, 7). Interestingly, the conditional deletion of MyD88 in either DCs or B cells revealed that the antibody response to virus-like particles required TLR signaling in B cells, while the response to a soluble antigen was dependent on TLR signaling on DCs (8). This result reveals an ability of B cells to discriminate among antigens based on their physical form.

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Transcriptomic responses in rainbow trout gills upon infection with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV)

Cited by 51 publications

References 31 publications

Differential Modulation of IgT and IgM upon Parasitic, Bacterial, Viral, and Dietary Challenges in a Perciform Fish

Differential Modulation of IgT and IgM upon Parasitic, Bacterial, Viral, and Dietary Challenges in a Perciform Fish

The CXC chemokine receptors of fish: Insights into CXCR evolution in the vertebrates

Early Activation of Teleost B Cells in Response to Rhabdovirus Infection

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