Transcriptomic landscape of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) skin

Abstract

In this study, we present the first spatial transcriptomic atlas of Atlantic salmon skin using the Visium Spatial Gene Expression protocol. We utilized frozen skin tissue from four distinct sites, namely the operculum, pectoral and caudal fins, and scaly skin at the flank of the fish close to the lateral line, obtained from two Atlantic salmon (150 g). High quality frozen tissue sections were obtained by embedding tissue in O.C.T media prior to freezing and sectioning. Further, we generated libraries and spatial transcriptomic maps, achieving a minimum of 80 million reads per sample with mapping efficiencies ranging from 79.3% to 89.4%. Our analysis revealed the detection of over 80.000 transcripts and nearly 30.000 genes in each sample. Among the tissue types observed in the skin, the epithelial tissues exhibited the highest number of transcripts (UMI-counts), followed by muscle tissue, loose and fibrous connective tissue, and bone. Notably, the widest nodes in the transcriptome network were shared among the epithelial clusters, while dermal tissues showed less consistency, which is likely attributable to the presence of multiple cell types at different body locations. Additionally, we identified collagen type 1 as the most prominent gene family in the skin, while keratins were found to be abundant in the epithelial tissue. Furthermore, we successfully identified gene markers specific to epithelial tissue, bone, and mesenchyme. To validate their expression patterns, we conducted a meta-analysis of the microarray database, which confirmed high expression levels of these markers in mucosal organs, skin, gills, and the olfactory rosette.

Characterisation of mesenchymal stromal cells in the skin of Atlantic salmon

“…The fish were in good health prior to incisional wounding, and there were no mortalities. Spatial transcriptomic libraries were prepared as described previously (17). Summary statistics for spatial transcriptomics libraries can be found in Supplementary Table 1.…”

“…The power of combining these technologies to understand skin biology has already been exploited in humans, for example, to unravel the role of different skin cell types during wound healing processes (15). Although both single-nucleus RNA-seq and spatial transcriptomics have been used separately to study skin in Atlantic salmon (16,17), cell expression patterns have not yet been investigated in their tissue context, which is crucial to gaining understanding of their function.…”

Test of the Effectiveness of Giving Salmon DNA Serum with Virgin Coconut Oil Extract on the Growth of Skin Tissue from Cut Scars on the Skin of Female Wistar Rats (Rattus Norvegicus)

“…Thus, problems such as sagging, loss of elasticity, dullness, dryness, and skin discolouration improve. Tissue repair is stimulated in areas with tissue damage, such as acne scars and scars (Lee et al, 2017;Sato et al, 2017;Sveen et al, 2023). Salmon DNA and pure hyaluronic acid make up salmon DNA vaccinations.…”