Transcriptomic analysis reveals MAPK signaling pathways affect the autolysis in baker's yeast

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Yeast autolysis refers to the process in which cells degrade and release intracellular contents under specific conditions by endogenous enzymes such as proteases, nucleases and lipid enzymes. Protein-rich baker's yeast is widely used to produce yeast extract in food industry, however, the molecular mechanism related to baker's yeast autolysis is still unclear. In this study, RNA-seq technology and biochemical analysis were performed to analyze the autolysis processes in baker's yeast. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 27 autolysis-related euKaryotic Ortholog Groups (KOG) and three types of autolysis-induced Gene Ontology (GO) were identified and analyzed in detail. A total of 143 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways under autolysis were also assigned. Interestingly, the DEGs were significantly enriched in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways and metabolic pathways, and key genes MID2, MTL1, SLT2, PTP2, HKR1 and GPD1 may play important roles in autolysis. Further quantitative PCR was performed to verify the expression pattern in baker's yeast autolysis. Together, all these results indicated that MAPK pathways might play an essential role during autolysis process through inhibiting the metabolism and disrupting cell wall in baker's yeast. This result may provide important clues for the in-depth interpretation of the yeast autolysis mechanism.</jats:p>

The Transcriptomic Mechanism of a Novel Autolysis Induced by a Recombinant Antibacterial Peptide from Chicken Expressed in Pichia pastoris

“…Autolysis is a ubiquitous process in eukaryotic cells, in which cells degrade and release intracellular content responding to internal and external stress factors [ 15 ]. As is well known, fungal autolysis occurs at the global-cell level and involves various enzymological profiles (proteases, nucleases, and lipid enzymes), signal pathways, and morphological changes [ 9 , 26 ]. The P. pastoris morphological changes induced by the AMP in the current study, such as the lesser cell number and the larger cell size, were similar to the previous study.…”

“…In the baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the DEGs under the autolysis condition were significantly enriched in the MAPK signaling pathway, and they were all expressed in a down-regulated form. This study suggested that the MAPK signal pathway plays an important role in the yeast autolysis process, and that autolysis inhibits the activity of yeast cells in energy production and utilization [ 9 ]. In the current study, almost all of the DEGs related to the MAPK signal pathway were inhibited during the autolysis of the P. pastoris , indicating that the MAPK signal pathway regulated the autolysis process closely, and that the cell activity was inhibited at the global level during autolysis.…”

“…It is proposed to correspond to the dissolution of intracellular organelles that leads to the release of hydrolytic enzymes from the vacuole into the cytoplasm. The mechanism of autolysis in various yeast species, such as baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and kefir yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus , were illuminated through the transcriptome and proteome, and through biochemical technologies [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Li et al found that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways regulated autolysis through inhibiting the metabolism and disrupting the cell wall in baker’s yeast at the transcriptional level [ 9 ].…”

“…The mechanism of autolysis in various yeast species, such as baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and kefir yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus , were illuminated through the transcriptome and proteome, and through biochemical technologies [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Li et al found that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways regulated autolysis through inhibiting the metabolism and disrupting the cell wall in baker’s yeast at the transcriptional level [ 9 ]. During the autolysis, in baker’s yeast, the carbohydrate and energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and the cell response to various stresses were all repressed by the down-regulation of the corresponding protein at the transcriptional and translational levels [ 10 ].…”

Effect of itaconic acid production on Neurospora crassa in consolidated bioprocessing of cellulose

“…S5). MAPK signaling pathway reflects adaptive responses to extracellular and intracellular conditions by regulating basic cell functions [ 30 ]. In this study, the extracellular conditions of MttA did not change, but the changes were from intracellular regulation.…”