Transcriptomic analysis between Normal and high-intake feeding geese provides insight into adipose deposition and susceptibility to fatty liver in migratory birds

Abstract

Background Dysregulation of adipogenesis causes metabolic diseases, like obesity and fatty liver. Migratory birds such as geese have a high tolerance of massive energy intake and exhibit little pathological development. Domesticated goose breeds, derivatives of the wild greyleg goose ( Anser anser ) or swan goose ( Anser cygnoides ), have high tolerance of energy intake resembling their ancestor species. Thus, goose is potentially a model species to study mechanisms associated with adipogenesis. Results Phenotypically, goose liver exhibited higher fat accumulation than adipose tissues during fattening (liver increased by 3.35 fold than 1.65 fold in adipose), showing a priority of fat accumulation in liver. We found the number of differentially expressed genes in liver (13.97%) was nearly twice the number of that in adipose (6.60%). These differentially expressed genes in liver function in several important lipid metabolism pathways, immune response, regulation of cancer, while in adipose, terms closely related to protein binding, gluconeogenesis were enriched. Typically, genes like MDH2 and SCD, which have key roles in glycolysis and fatty acids metabolism, had higher fold change in liver than in adipose tissues. Three hundred two differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs involved in regulation of metabolism in liver were also identified. For example, lncRNA XLOC_292762 , which was 5.7 kb downstream of FERMT2, a gene involved phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate binding, was significantly down-regulated after the high-intake feeding period. Further investigation of documented obesity-related orthologous genes in goose suggested that understanding the evolutionary split from mammals in adipogenesis will make goose fatty liver a better resource for future research. Conclusions Our research reveals that goose uses liver as the major tissue to regulate a distinct lipid synthesis and degradation flux and the dynamic expression network analyses showed numerous layers of positive responses to both massive energy intake and possible pathological development. Our results offer insights into goose adipogenesis and provide a new perspective for research in human metabolic dysregulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5765-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

[Retracted] A Prognostic Model for Brain Glioma Patients Based on 9 Signature Glycolytic Genes

“…In breast cancer, SRD5A3 was decreased significantly and primarily enriched in the hormone metabolic process [28]. Typically, the MDH2 gene was considered to play a key role in glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism [29]. The activity of the MDH2 gene was different in prostate cancer and benign cell lines at the basal level [30].…”

Exploring the genetic basis of fatty liver development in geese

“…Blood lipid levels have less influence on fatty liver weights in such a long overfeeding period than in a shorter one (14 days) 19,20 . Although blood lipid levels have less direct influence on fatty liver weights, they still play important roles in formation of fatty liver, as we believe resistance to severe hepatosteatosis is a systemic adaptation, which does not occur only in the liver, but in other tissues as well 5 . Within BCIs, AST, ALT, and DBIL were positively related to FLW, even though they do not participate in lipid metabolism.…”

“…In selected geese, hepatic weight can increase more than eightfold in 2 weeks and account for more than 9% of the body weight 4 . Geese are considered an interesting model for understanding the pathogenesis of non-alcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in human owing to multiple shared physiological properties 5 . NAFLD is an expanding health threat, with up to 25% global prevalence, and is becoming a heavy economic burden in many countries 6 .…”

Pacific Biosciences assembly with Hi-C mapping generates an improved, chromosome-level goose genome

“…The domestic goose is also well suited to sustainable production practices because fiber can form part of its diet, which then lessens competition for human food [ 5 ]. Its excellent disease resistance and behavioral patterns also allow for large-scale farming and easy management [ 6 ]. Interestingly, despite the liver weight of goose increasing 5–10 times after 2–3 weeks of overfeeding, the amount of fat in hepatic cells (and other biomedical parameters) returns to normal levels when overfeeding ceases.…”

“…Interestingly, despite the liver weight of goose increasing 5–10 times after 2–3 weeks of overfeeding, the amount of fat in hepatic cells (and other biomedical parameters) returns to normal levels when overfeeding ceases. This suggests that the goose liver could provide a novel animal model for the study of human non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [ 6 ].…”