Transcriptome profiling of spike provides expression features of genes related to terpene biosynthesis in lavender

Abstract

transcripts ranged from 1000 and 2000 bp, and 12.6% transcripts were longer than 2000 bp (Fig. 2b). The number of transcripts annotated with seven public databases is summarised in Fig. 2c. A total of 311,224 (73.01%) and 227,392 (53.34%) transcripts received annotations from NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) non-redundant protein (NR) and Swiss-Prot databases (http://www.expasy.org/sprot/), respectively. Gene ontology (http:// www.geneontology.org), protein family (http://pfam.xfam.org/) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (http://www.genome.jp/kegg) annotation analysis indicated that 201,698 (47.31%), 200,757 (47.09%) and 127,605 (29.93%) transcripts matched these databases, respectively. The genomic similarity analysis by BLASTx showed that the most abundant transcripts were annotated as Sesamum indicum, which accounted for 59.6%, followed by Erythranthe guttata (15.7%); only 1.7%, 1.7% and 1.5% sequences had hit against in Coffea canephora, Salvia miltiorrhiz and Vitis vinifera, respectively; 19.8% of annotated sequences were similar to other plant species (Fig. 2d). A box diagram of fragments per kilobase of transcript sequence per million base pairs (FPKM) indicated that gene expression levels (FPKM > 0.3) were not evenly distributed at the three developmental stages (Supplementary Fig. S1). There was an obvious increase at the Bud I and Bud II stages compared to the flowering stage 50%.

Lavandula Species, Their Bioactive Phytochemicals, and Their Biosynthetic Regulation

“…This may indicate the importance of the MEP pathway in the process of secondary-metabolite production [8]. This hypothesis is also supported by another study in which an increased activity was observed in most of the genes involved in the MEP pathway during the flowering period of L. angustifolia, whereas genes involved in the MVA pathway were expressed in a smaller quantity [73]. Several sources, however, point to a mutual connection between MVA and MEP pathways [74,75].…”

“…[100]. The EST technique, however, has proven to be insufficient in identifying nonabundant transcripts and in recent years has been replaced by more comprehensive and cost-effective sequencing methods that allow for the analysis of the entire transcriptome, rather than just a small portion, and provide more detailed and accurate information about gene expression levels and patterns [73,97,101].…”

Effects of High-Pressure, Hydrothermal, and Enzyme-Assisted Treatment on the Taste and Flavor Profile of Water-Soluble Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Extract

“…Specifically, a kind of insect pheromone verbenol was detected in the extract groups except GJ. Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes are volatile terpenoids that have been reported in various plant types [ 53 , 54 , 55 ].…”

An Update on the Function, Biosynthesis and Regulation of Floral Volatile Terpenoids

“…During flower development in L. angustifolia, the expression of most MEP pathway-associated genes was upregulated, especially genes that encode the synthases that contribute to the biosynthesis of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. In contrast, most genes in the MVA pathway were downregulated [178]. In A. thaliana, in both seedlings and mature plants, the expression of MVA pathway genes is more strongly expressed in the radicle, hypocotyl, roots, flowers and seeds relative to MEP pathway genes [179].…”