Transcriptome Characterization of Panax Quinquefolius L. seedlings in Response to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi using RNA-seq

Abstract

Panax quinquefolius L. has been considered as an important traditional Chinese medicine with a history of more than 300 years in China. Ginsenoside is the main bioactive component. Our research group has found that the accumulation of ginsenoside could be affected by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). However the underlying mechanism how AMF affected the biosynthesis of ginsenoside in P. quinquefolius is still unclear. In this study, the RNA-seq analysis was used to evaluate the effects of AMF (Rhizophagus intraradices, R. intraradices) on the expression of ginsenoside synthesis related genes in P. quinquefolius root. The results indicated that a symbiotic relationship between R. intraradices and P. quinquefolius was established. RNA-seq achieved approximately 48.62 G reads of all samples. Assembly of all the reads involved in all samples produced 63420 transcripts and 24137 unigenes. Differential expression analysis was performed between the control and AMF group. A total of 111 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to AMF vs control were identified, 78 and 33 transcripts were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Based on the functional analysis, Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that most DEGs were related to stress responses and cellular metabolic processes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis identified transduction, plant hormone signal transduction and terpenoids and polyketides biosynthesis pathways. Furthermore, the expression of glycolysis-related genes and ginsenoside synthesis related genes was largely induced by AMF. In conclusion, our results comprehensively elucidated the molecular mechanism how AMF affected the biosynthesis of ginsenoside in P.quinquefolius by transcriptome profiling.

A self-healing artificial muscle was realized by fitting the electrode membrane with the self-healing actuating membrane with a folded structure

“…Figure 9(a) presents the C-V characteristic curves of artificial muscle with different levels of CLC added. The C-V characteristic curves of all five ratios of artificial muscles exhibited a rectangular-like closed structure, which indicated that the artificial muscles themselves had good charging and discharging characteristics [35]. However, we can observe that the closed graph formed by the characteristic curve of C-V is not a beautiful rectangular curve, and there are even obvious peaks.…”

Archaea, bacteria and termite, nitrogen fixation and sustainable plants production

“…Table 9. Three kingdoms of Archaea on the basis of phylogenetically divisions (Barns et al, 1996;Luo and Wasserfallen, 2001;Reysenbach et al, 2000) 1-The Crenarchaeota which comprise most of the hyperthermophiles including the hyperthermophilic genera Thermoproteus and Pyrodictium as well as the thermoacidophilic genera Sulfolobus, Acidianus and Desulfurococcus.…”