Transcriptome and proteome analyses reveal complex mechanisms of reproductive diapause in the two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae

Abstract

Although a variety of factors underlying diapause have been identified in arthropods and other organisms, the molecular mechanisms regulating diapause are still largely unknown. Here, to better understand this process, we examined diapause-associated genes in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, by comparing the transcriptomes and proteomes of early diapausing and reproductive adult females. Amongst genes underlying diapause revealed by the transcriptomic and proteomic data sets, we described the noticeable change in Ca -associated genes, including 65 Ca -binding protein genes and 23 Ca transporter genes, indicating that Ca signalling has a substantial role in diapause regulation. Other interesting changes in diapause included up-regulation of (1) glutamate receptors that may be involved in synaptic plasticity changes, (2) genes involved in cytoskeletal reorganization including genes encoding each of the components of thick and thin filaments, tubulin and members of integrin signalling and (3) genes involved in anaerobic energy metabolism, which reflects a shift to anaerobic energy metabolism in early diapausing mites.

Long-Term Population Studies Uncover the Genome Structure and Genetic Basis of Xenobiotic and Host Plant Adaptation in the Herbivore Tetranychus urticae

“…To assess if nonsynonymous changes were unique to SR-VP, we examined alignments of genomic Illumina reads available from the seven additional strains reported in this study (Table S1) HexR (Demaeght et al 2014), and strain Montpellier (Grbić et al 2011). We also tested for the presence of nonsynonymous variants unique to SR-VP in strain Harbin for which only RNA-seq data was available (Zhao et al 2016). To do this, we generated alignments with the respective RNA-seq reads using the twopass mode of STAR 2.5.2b (Dobin et al 2013) with a maximum intron size of 20 kb.…”

Selection for reproduction under short photoperiods changes diapause-associated traits and induces widespread genomic divergence

“…Recent studies in insects have discovered genes and gene networks involved in different steps of diapause induction, including photoreception and transduction (Fowler and Montell, 2013;Kistenpfenning et al, 2018), circadian regulation (Zhang et al, 2010;Dubowy and Sehgal, 2017;Liang et al, 2017) and neurohormonal control of reproductive diapause (Nässel and Winther, 2010;Diniz et al, 2017). Furthermore, Bryon et al (2013) and Zhao et al (2017) detected upregulation of several genes encoding G protein-coupled receptors, especially those for octopamine, neuropeptide F, proctolin and tachykinin, during early diapause in the two-spotted spider mite, T. urticae. In our study, several genes associated with SNPs diverging between selection and control line replicates were involved in photoreception, ion channel function and/or in the function and output of the circadian clock system.…”

Identification and Comparative Profiling of microRNAs at Different Diapause Stages of Galeruca Daurica Adults

“…However, it is nearly unknown whether Ca 2+ signaling is involved in regulating diapause in animals. More recent research indicated that lots of CaBPs were differentially expressed during diapause in insects and mites, such as H. armigera [56,57], Tetranychus urticae [58], Bombyx mori [59], and Culex pipiens pallens [60], suggesting that Ca 2+ signaling might play a critical role in the diapause regulation of insects and mites. In this study, the 51 putative target unigenes involved in Ca 2+ signaling for 41 DEMs were obtained (Table S10).…”