Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism by which spraying diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate after anthesis regulates wheat grain filling

Abstract

Background Diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DA-6), a plant growth regulator, has many beneficial effects on agricultural production. DA-6 has been applied to many plant species, but the molecular mechanism by which spraying DA-6 after anthesis regulates wheat grain filling is still unknown. Results In this study, we used four DA-6 concentrations: C0 (0 g/L), C2 (2 g/L), C4 (4 g/L), and C6 (6 g/L). The results showed that C4 and C6 led to a significantly higher 1000-grain weight and seed protein content than C0 during two wheat growing seasons. We then subjected samples at 24 days after anthesis (at which point the grain weight increased rapidly) to transcriptome analysis. Flag leaf (L), seed (S), and stem (T) samples under C6 and C0 were used for RNA-seq. The seed samples under C6 compared with C0 (S6vsS0) presented the most differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 2164). Plant hormone signal transduction ( p = 1.97 × 10 − 4 ), protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER; p = 9.04 × 10 − 11 ) and starch and sucrose metabolism ( p = 1.90 × 10 − 10 ) pathways were the most markedly enriched pathways in the flag leaves, stems, and seeds, respectively. DEGs involved in sucrose synthesis in the flag leaves, protein processing in ER in the stems, and starch synthesis and protein processing in ER in the seeds were significantly upregulated under C6 compared with C0. Conclusions Overall, we propose a model for spraying DA-6 after anthesis to regulate metabolic pathways in wheat, which provides new insights into wheat in response to DA-6. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-019-1925-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Exogenous diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate ameliorates low temperature stress by improving nitrogen metabolism in maize seedlings

“…Diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DA-6), a plant growth regulator, is involved in the regulation of a wide range of metabolic and physiological responses of crop plants such as maize, cotton, soybean, peanut, tomato and wheat [8][9][10][11]. Exogenous DA-6 increases grain weight through involvement in the synthesis of sucrose and starch [8]; promotes seeds germination and seedling establishment by mediating fatty acid metabolism and glycometabolism [9]; enhances seedling growth through altered photosynthesis by accelerating chlorophyll biosynthesis and increasing the activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPcase) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPcase); and regulates hormone balance by enhancing the contents of auxin, zeatin riboside and gibberellin but decreasing the content of abscisic acid [10]. Exogenous DA-6 also has positive effects on the improvement of plant stress resistance, such as resistance to salinity stress and heavy metal stress [11,12].…”

Plant Endophytic Fungus Extract ZNC Improved Potato Immunity, Yield, and Quality

“…In recent years, many activators have been found to induce plant defense responses or promote plant growth, and their different concentrations for application have been reported (Denoux et al, 2008). The effective concentration of ZNC for irrigation application to potato is within the range of 22.5-225 mg/ha, which is significantly lower than that of other plant inducers, such as 24-epibrassinolide (750 mg/ha; Ali et al, 2008), oligosaccharins (more 750 mg/ha; Faoro et al, 2008), sodium nitrophenolate (more than 120 g/ha; Anastassiadou et al, 2020), diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (60 g/ha; Wen et al, 2019), polyglutamic acid (more than 450 g/ha; Sun et al, 2014),and aminobutyric acid (more than 200 g/ha; Cohen, 2002). In addition, 2 mM (approximately 4,464 ng/ml) rutin resulted in good resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum (Yang et al, 2016).…”

Effect of exogenous plant growth regulators on carbon-nitrogen metabolism and flower-pod abscission of relay strip intercropping soybean

“…花 荚脱 落率 , 决 定 大豆产 量构 成因素 和产 量的形 成 [1][2] ; 过高的花荚脱落率降低大豆单株有效荚数和 单株粒数, 是限制大豆发挥产量潜力的主要因素 [3] 。 研究表明, 大豆花荚的形成与脱落受植物内源激素 信号水平变化和同化物供应有效性的协同调控 [4][5] ; 碳、氮代谢是植物体内重要的代谢途径, 调控不同 时期的养分供应水平, 决定作物生长发育, 影响大 豆花荚形成与脱落 [6] 。栽培措施的优化和化控技术 的应用能促进植株生长、提高作物产量, 是发掘大 豆产量潜力的重要途径 [7][8][9] 。 调节剂能影响作物在不同生育时期的生长发育, 协调不同器官间的养分分配状况, 提高对环境的适 应性 [10][11][12] 。烯效唑(S3307)是一种能抑制赤霉素生物 合成的高效植物生长延缓剂 [8] ; 闫艳红等 [13] 发现, 叶面喷施 S3307 能通过改善大豆叶片碳氮代谢水平, 增加大豆的单株有效荚数与百粒重。2-N,N-二乙氨 基乙基乙酸酯(diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate, DTA-6) 作为一种新型的植物生长调节剂, 可有效提高作物 的品质和产量, 已广泛应用于玉米、大豆、花生等 作物 [14][15] 。6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-benzylaminopurine, 6-BA) 通过促进细胞分裂素的生物合成调节植物细胞的增 殖和分化 [16] , 具有延缓叶片衰老和保绿等作用 [17] 。 玉米-大豆带状套作模式是我国西南地区的主 推模式, 能提高复种指数和土地利用率, 实现对自 然资源的充分利用 [18] 。套作大豆因苗期受玉米荫蔽 影响处于生长劣势, 营养生长期间干物质积累不足, 营养生长与生殖生长之间的平衡被打破 [19] ; 养分供 应失衡加剧花、荚器官间养分竞争, 促使花败育与 荚脱落, 减少开花结荚数与单株有效荚数, 降低大 豆产量 [20][21][22]…”