Transcriptome analysis reveals critical factors for survival after adenovirus serotype 4 infection

Protective immune response induced by Leghorn male hepatoma cell-adapted fowl adenovirus-4

“…Excessive cytokine production such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α along with reduced metabolism and apoptosis can be observed. These are correlated with severe tissue damage such as HHS and liver degeneration [ 15 , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] ]. The primary function of innate immunity is mediated by macrophages, which express the MHCII molecule on their surface.…”

“…During avian influenza virus infection, excessive effector cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α) levels can induce severe tissue damage and high mortality in chickens [ 14 ]. Hepatitis is the leading cause of high mortality during FAdV-4 infection, which is also accompanied by superfluous production of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6 [ 15 , 16 ]. Therefore, regulating the immune response during viral infection is essential for host protection.…”