Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Mechanisms Involved in Ultrasonic Seed Treatment-Induced Aluminum Tolerance in Peanut

Abstract

Ultrasonic (US) treatment is an efficient method to induce crop tolerance against heavy metal toxicity; however, US-induced aluminum (Al) tolerance in peanuts was rarely studied. This study was comprised of two treatments, namely, CK, without ultrasonic treatment, and US, an ultrasonic seed treatment, for 15 min. Both treated and non-treated treatments were applied with Al in the form of AlCl3.18H2O at 5 mmol L–1 in Hoagland solution at one leaf stage. Results depicted that plant height, main root length, and number of lateral roots increased significantly under US treatment. Transcriptome analysis revealed that plant hormone signal transduction and transcription factors (TFs) were significantly enriched in the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in US treatment, and the plant hormones were measured, including salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) contents, were substantially increased, while indole acetic acid (IAA) and jasmonic acid (JA) contents were decreased significantly in US treatment. The TFs were verified using quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR, and it was found that multiple TFs genes were significantly upregulated in US treatment, and ALMT9 and FRDL1 genes were also significantly upregulated in US treatment. Overall, the US treatment induced the regulation of hormone content and regulated gene expression by regulating TFs to improve Al tolerance in peanuts. This study provided a theoretical rationale for US treatment to improve Al tolerance in peanuts.

Transcriptomic Analysis Provides Insights into the Differential Effects of Aluminum on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

“…The default parameters were FDR = 0.01 and FC = 2. The KEGG database was used for functional annotation, classification statistics, and metabolic pathway analysis of DEGs in the comparison group [ 15 ].…”

“…Plants generally protect themselves against higher Al 3+ concentration through external exclusion and/or internal protection mechanisms [ 14 , 15 ]. The external exclusion mechanism induces the production of organic acids such as malic acid, citric acid, and oxalic acid to combine with Al 3+ to form a non-toxic complex, thereby preventing Al 3+ from entering the root tip cells of plants [ 16 ].…”

“…TaALMT1 , AtALMT1 , GmAMLT1 in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), Arabidopsis thaliana , and soybean ( Glycine max ) are involved in malate secretion, whereas the expression levels of these genes are higher in resistant cultivars than in susceptible cultivars [ 18 ]. AhALMT9 in peanut has high homology with AtALMT1 in Arabidopsis [ 15 ]. The cell wall prevented Al 3+ from entering cells by inducing the expression of pectin methylesterase (PME) family genes and enhancing the activity of the PME enzyme [ 19 ].…”

“…Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the world’s four major oil crops and an essential economic crop in China [ 15 ]. Peanut planting areas in Southern China are mainly composed of red and yellow soil having acidic properties.…”

Transcription Factor OsbZIP60-like Regulating OsP5CS1 Gene and 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) Biosynthesis in Aromatic Rice

“…Mass spectrum conditions: electron bombardment (EI) ion source; ion source temperature of 200 • C; the ionization energy was 70 eV; the interface temperature was 250 • C. The temperature of the four-stage rod was 150 • C; we used full scanning mode; and the scanning quality range was m/z 30-350. The unit was ng g −1 [37].…”