Transcriptome analysis of HPV-induced warts and healthy skin in humans

Abstract

Background: The human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a group of viruses that, depending on the strain, can cause cancer or the formation of benign growths known as warts. Scarce information exists with regard to the genetic nature of non-genital cutaneous warts induced by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Methods: The main purpose of this study is to investigate the differences between the gene expression profiles of common warts and healthy skin in HPV-positive individuals by RNA sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq 2500. After obtaining shave biopsies of common warts and healthy skin from twelve Arab males, we were able to analyze the transcriptomes of 24 paired cases and controls. Results: Common warts were found to possess a highly significant and unique molecular signature. Many of the most up-regulated (KRT16, EPGN, and ABCG4) and down-regulated genes (C15orf59, CYB561A3, and FCGRT) in warts were the subject of little investigation in the published literature. Moreover, the top 500 differentially expressed genes were found to be associated with immune and autoimmune pathways, such as the neutrophil degranulation, toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR 7/8) cascade, toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) cascade, and toll-like receptor 10 (TLR10) pathways, among others. Conclusions: Our findings are particularly important because they serve as the most comprehensive to date with regard to the modulation of human skin gene expression by HPV infection.

HPV infection upregulates the expression of ZNT-1 in condyloma acuminatum

“… 18 HPV can enter the skin through tiny damages or epithelial cells on the mucosal surface and infect the basal keratinocytes of the genitals and oral mucosa through further damage and micro damage. 19 At present, more than 200 HPV subtypes have been found, of which about 40 are related to the occurrence of anal and genital CA. 20 These diseases that pose a serious threat to health often have no specific skin lesions in the early clinical stage, and most of the clinical manifestations are mainly itching in the affected area.…”

Changes in the Proteome in the Development of Chronic Human Papillomavirus Infection—A Prospective Study in HIV Positive and HIV Negative Rwandan Women

“…The biological pathway that was most significantly affected following incident HPV infection was neutrophil degranulation. Studies show that neutrophil degranulation is enhanced in HPV-induced dermal warts, and it is suggested that neutrophils are involved in cervical carcinogenesis by suppressing T-cell activity [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. In contrast, the involvement of the immune system in the clearance of HPV infection did not turn out to be a biological pathway of major importance.…”

Development of Verruca Plana from Human Papillomavirus 78 Dependent on Host Immune State

“…In 2000, 3 cases in which HPVXS2 (later discovered to be HPV78) was detected from squamous cell carcinoma and actinic keratosis of renal transplant recipients were reported (6). Since then, 7 additional cases of HPV78-related skin lesions have been reported (7)(8)(9). Among these 10 cases, 8 were associated with immunosuppressed or immunocompromised states due to renal transplantation (4/10), HIV infection (3/10), or splenectomy (1/10).…”