Transcriptome analysis of Catarina scallop (Argopecten ventricosus) juveniles treated with highly-diluted immunomodulatory compounds reveals activation of non-self-recognition system

Abstract

Marine bivalve hatchery productivity is continuously challenged by apparition and propagation of new diseases, mainly those related to vibriosis. Disinfectants and antibiotics are frequently overused to prevent pathogen presence, generating a potential negative impact on the environment. Recently, the use of highly diluted compounds with immunostimulant properties in marine organisms has been trailed successfully to activate the self-protection mechanisms of marine bivalves. Despite their potential as immunostimulants, little is known about their way of action. To understand their effect, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed with Argopecten ventricosus juveniles. The experimental design consisted of four treatments formulated from pathogenic Vibrio lysates at two dilutions: [(T1) Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus 1D; (T2) V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus 7C]; minerals [(T3) PhA+SiT 7C], scorpion venom [(T4) ViT 31C]; and one control (C1) hydro-alcoholic solution (ethanol 1%). The RNA sequencing (RNAseq) analysis showed a higher modulation of differentially expressed genes (DEG) in mantle tissue compared to gill tissue. The scallops that showed a higher number of DEG related to immune response in mantle tissue corresponded to T1 (V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus lysate) and T3 (Silicea terra®-Phosphoric acid®). The transcriptome analysis allowed understanding some interactions between A. ventricosus juveniles and highly-diluted treatments.

Bioresilience to Mercury Chloride of the Brine Shrimp Artemia Salina after Treatment with Homeopathic Mercurius Corrosivus

“…[10][11][12][13][14][15] This conclusion is in accordance with previous studies on homeopathic potencies that often show a constant pattern of action: the facilitation of adaptive processes of the organism against aggressive agents in a non-linear way, [74][75][76][77][78][79][80] involving the modulation of immunological and metabolic processes, as well as gene expression. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] The findings described here follow these same pro-adaptative features.…”

“…31 There are reports showing that homeopathic products can be important tools in organic and ecologically sustainable agriculture. [32][33][34] The biological effects of such preparations are dependent on the dilution and agitation process of the liquid (succussion), which is a crucial step in their manufacture. [35][36][37] Since nanobubbles are present in these products in large amounts, 38 their role in the protective activity of intoxications is under scrutiny.…”

Contrasting Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotic and Pathogenic Bacteria on Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea Virginica, Larvae

“…Consistent with expectations based on the study of immunity against bacterial pathogens in bivalves and other species, as described in the section above, differential expression analysis in response to both probiotics suggests activation of various immune signaling pathways like TLR, NF-kB, and MAPK, leading to upregulation of transcripts for effectors involved in immune killing, cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell death, and the inflammatory response. Several probiotics are known to modulate (either activate or suppress) signaling pathways that benefit the host and protect them from pathogens [ 29 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 ]. Usually, probiotics show a very strain specific response in other host species [ 76 , 78 ].…”

Ultra‐diluted bioactive compounds enhance energy storage and oocyte quality during gonad conditioning of Pacific calico scallop Argopecten ventricosus (Sowerby II, 1842)

“…The improvement of the overall physiological condition of organisms stimulated the assimilation of nutrients from ingested food (López‐Carvallo et al., 2019; Mazón‐Suástegui et al., 2017; Mazón‐Suástegui, Salas‐Leiva, et al., 2019). Nonetheless, further analysis is suggested using transcriptome data already published, using highly diluted Silicea terra ® 7C, Phosphoric acid 7C and Vidatox ® , but with a focus to the bioenergetics process as these authors mainly evaluate the effect over biological process related to immune response (López‐Carvallo et al., 2020). The above may be complemented by using transcriptomic and proteomic data of organisms during gonad development.…”