Transcriptome analysis indicates the involvement of herbicide‐responsive and plant–pathogen interaction pathways in the development of resistance to ACCase inhibitors in Apera spica‐venti

Abstract

Background: The continuous use of the herbicides contributes to the emergence of the resistant populations of numerous weed species that are tolerant to multiple herbicides with different modes of action (multiple resistance) which is provided by nontarget-site resistance mechanisms. In this study, we addressed the question of rapid acquisition of herbicide resistance to pinoxaden (acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitor) in Apera spica-venti, which endangers winter cereal crops and has high adaptation capabilities to inhabit many rural locations. To this end, de novo transcriptome of Apera spica-venti was assembled and RNAsequencing analysis of plants resistant and susceptible to pinoxaden treated with this herbicide was performed.Results: The obtained data showed that the prime candidate genes responsible for herbicide resistance were those encoding 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 12-like, UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGT) including UGT75K6, UGT75E2, UGT83A1-like, and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) such as GSTU1 and GSTU6. Also, such highly accelerated herbicide resistance emergence may result from the enhanced constitutive expression of a wide range of genes involved in detoxification already before herbicide treatment and may also influence response to biotic stresses, which was assumed by the detection of expression changes in genes encoding defence-related proteins, including receptor kinase-like Xa21. Moreover, alterations in the expression of genes associated with methylation in non-treated herbicide-resistant populations were identified. Conclusion:The obtained results indicated genes that may be involved in herbicide resistance. Moreover, they provide valuable insight into the possible effect of resistance on the weed interaction with the other stresses by indicating pathways associated with both abiotic and biotic stresses.

The Effect of Benzo(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic Acid S-Methyl Ester (BTH) and Its Cholinium Ionic Liquid Derivative on the Resistance Induction and Antioxidant Properties of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

“…The DEGs identified in these processes in high numbers were GST and peroxidase . The up-regulated expression of GST has been observed in the lignin biosynthetic process and the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds in a herbicide resistance study …”

“…The upregulated expression of GST has been observed in the lignin biosynthetic process 57 and the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds in a herbicide resistance study. 58 Glutathione, a small thiol molecule, is a strong nonenzymatic antioxidant, which regulates multiple metabolic functions in plants and serves as a substrate for GST and glutathione peroxidase. 59 The GSH plays a key role in ROS detoxification in plants' stress response.…”

Transcriptomic response in pyroxsulam-resistant and susceptibleBromus sterilisidentified three distinct mechanisms of resistance

“…In this research, the P450s, GSTs, GTs, and ABC transporter genes that exhibited at least a 2-fold statistically significant change in at least one out of the four comparisons between treatments (R_C vs S_C, R_C vs R_T, S_T vs S_C, and R_T vs S_T) were validated (Wrzesińska-Krupa et al, 2023). The list of primers used for qRT-PCR is shown in supplementary table 1.…”

Discovering New Substrates of a UDP-Glycosyltransferase with a High-Throughput Method

“…These examples demonstrate the broad utility of UGT family enzymes for medicinal and agricultural applications. Therefore, researchers have put a huge effort into studying the protein superfamily of glycosyltransferases and exploring the use of these enzymes [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ].…”

“…However, only a tiny fraction of these UGT homologs have been characterized. In some studies, the substrates of UDP glycosyltransferase (UGT) homologs were not identified, but genetic experiments showed that they provided benefits to the plants, such as improved tolerance to drought [ 23 , 34 ], herbicides [ 27 , 28 , 35 ], and infection [ 36 , 37 ]. A vast number of UGT homologs are waiting to be explored for applications in many fields.…”