Transcriptional regulation of two cellobiohydrolase encoding genes (cel1 and cel2) from the wood-degrading basidiomycete Polyporus arcularius

Ohnishi, Yuka; Nagase, Mitsutoshi; Ichiyanagi, Tsuyoshi; Kitamoto, Yutaka; Aimi, Tadanori

doi:10.1007/s00253-007-1090-x

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…3), further suggesting that they may represent distinct gene families. This result extends previous studies which have documented the presence of cbhI gene families in several fungal species (6,19,28), as well as from recently sequenced fungal genomes which have revealed two distinct GH7 genes in Aspergillus terreus, A. fumigatus, and A. flavus, three in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, six in Coprinopsis cinerea, and eight in Puccinia graminis. Ecologically, having multiple different forms of the cbhI gene may be advantageous, if the proteins encoded by these genes have different environmental optima (42).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…In addition to cbhI genes, many fungi also possess cbhII genes which encode the cellobiohydrolase enzymes of family GH6. However, coordinated expression of both cbhI and cbhII genes has been observed in the basidiomycete Polyporus arcularius (28), and similar results have been obtained for Trichoderma reesei (17), V. volvacea (19), and Agaricus bisporus (4,44); thus, focusing solely on the cbhI gene should provide a reasonable indication of cellobiohydrolase potential. The application of the fungcbhI primers in gene expression studies has the potential to provide an indication of fungal cellobiohydrolase activity, as well as to allow the factors that affect cellobiohydrolase activity to be examined in complex communities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

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Isolation of Fungal Cellobiohydrolase I Genes from Sporocarps and Forest Soils by PCR

Edwards

Upchurch

Zak

2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Cellulose is the major component of plant biomass, and microbial cellulose utilization is a key step in the decomposition of plant detritus. Despite this, little is known about the diversity of cellulolytic microbial communities in soil. Fungi are well known for their cellulolytic activity and mediate key functions during the decomposition of plant detritus in terrestrial ecosystems. We developed new oligonucleotide primers for fungal exocellulase genes (cellobiohydrolase, cbhI) and used these to isolate distinct cbhI homologues from four species of litter-decomposing basidiomycete fungi (Clitocybe nuda, Clitocybe gibba, Clitopilus prunulus, and Chlorophyllum molybdites) and two species of ascomycete fungi (Xylaria polymorpha and Sarcoscypha occidentalis). Evidence for cbhI gene families was found in three of the four basidiomycete species. Additionally, we isolated and cloned cbhI genes from the forest floor and mineral soil of two upland forests in northern lower Michigan, one dominated by oak (Quercus velutina, Q. alba) and the other dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and American basswood (Tilia americana). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that cellobiohydrolase genes recovered from the floor of both forests tended to cluster with Xylaria or in one of two unidentified groups, whereas cellobiohydrolase genes recovered from soil tended to cluster with Trichoderma, Alternaria, Eurotiales, and basidiomycete sequences. The ability to amplify a key fungal gene involved in plant litter decomposition has the potential to unlock the identity and dynamics of the cellulolytic fungal community in situ.The microbial decomposition of plant litter is a key ecosystem process that serves to release inorganic nutrients from plant detritus, as well as transform this material into soil organic matter (26, 37). Cellulose and lignin compose 60 to 75% of fresh plant litter (34, 37), and their degradation by heterotrophic soil microorganisms largely controls the rate of litter decay. Cellulose is a linear glucose polymer in which the subunits are linked through 1,4-␤-glycosidic bonds, and it represents an important potential source of energy for saprotrophic microorganisms. Cellulose in plant cell walls is bundled into crystalline fibrils, which are linked by hemicellulose to form larger, lignin-encrusted microfibrils (21, 34). Lignin, which is composed of polymerized phenol propane monomers (10), is highly resistant to microbial attack and hence restricts microbial access to the cellulose that it protects (8). Because a wide diversity of fungi have cellulolytic capability and because the complete breakdown of lignin can only be achieved by basidiomycete fungi and some xylariaceous ascomycete fungi (5, 8), saprotrophic fungi are considered the primary agents of plant litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems (41).Although fungi are key mediators of plant litter decay in terrestrial ecosystems, we have an incomplete knowledge of how the composition and function of fungal communities change during the process of litter ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

Isolation of Fungal Cellobiohydrolase I Genes from Sporocarps and Forest Soils by PCR

Edwards

Upchurch

Zak

2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Although there is some documentation about the regulation of cellulase expression levels in plants and fungi (Beguin and Aubert, 1994;Ilmen et al, 1997;Nicol et al, 1998;Park et al, 2003;Ohnishi et al, 2007), no data suggests a cell cycle-regulated cellulase level. Interestingly, the dCel1p level was upregulated upon addition of cellobiose ( Figure 4E) and dropped with the independent arrest of the cell cycle at G 2 /M (Figures 7B and 7C).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Activity of a Wall-Bound Cellulase Is Required for and Is Coupled to Cell Cycle Progression in the DinoflagellateCrypthecodinium cohnii

Kwok

Wong

2010

The Plant Cell

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Cellulose synthesis, but not its degradation, is generally thought to be required for plant cell growth. In this work, we cloned a dinoflagellate cellulase gene, dCel1, whose activities increased significantly in G 2 /M phase, in agreement with the significant drop of cellulose content reported previously. Cellulase inhibitors not only caused a delay in cell cycle progression at both the G 1 and G 2 /M phases in the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii, but also induced a higher level of dCel1p expression. Immunostaining results revealed that dCel1p was mainly localized at the cell wall. Accordingly, the possible role of cellulase activity in cell cycle progression was tested by treating synchronized cells with exogenous dCelp and purified antibody, in experiments analogous to overexpression and knockdown analyses, respectively. Cell cycle advancement was observed in cells treated with exogenous dCel1p, whereas the addition of purified antibody resulted in a cell cycle delay. Furthermore, delaying the G 2 /M phase independently with antimicrotubule inhibitors caused an abrupt and reversible drop in cellulase protein level. Our results provide a conceptual framework for the coordination of cell wall degradation and reconstruction with cell cycle progression in organisms with cell walls. Since cellulase activity has a direct bearing on the cell size, the coupling between cellulase expression and cell cycle progression can also be considered as a feedback mechanism that regulates cell size.

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“…The quail CYP7B gene expression in each reaction was normalized by the expression of ␤-actin. The relative mRNA expression levels were calculated according to the comparative C T (⌬⌬C T ) method described previously (Ohnishi et al, 2007).…”

Section: Measurements Of the Production And Concentration Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

7α-Hydroxypregnenolone Mediates Melatonin Action Underlying Diurnal Locomotor Rhythms

Tsutsui¹,

et al. 2008

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Melatonin regulates diurnal changes in locomotor activity in vertebrates, but the molecular mechanism for this neurohormonal regulation of behavior is poorly understood. Here we show that 7␣-hydroxypregnenolone, a previously undescribed avian neurosteroid, mediates melatonin action on diurnal locomotor rhythms in quail. In this study, we first identified 7␣-hydroxypregnenolone and its stereoisomer 7␤-hydroxypregnenolone in quail brain. These neurosteroids have not been described previously in avian brain. We then demonstrated that 7␣-hydroxypregnenolone acutely increased quail locomotor activity. To analyze the production of 7␣-hydroxypregnenolone, cytochrome P450 7␣ , a steroidogenic enzyme of this neurosteroid, was also identified. Subsequently, we demonstrated diurnal changes in 7␣-hydroxypregnenolone synthesis in quail. 7␣-Hydroxypregnenolone synthesis and locomotor activity in males were much higher than in females. This is the first demonstration in any vertebrate of a clear sex difference in neurosteroid synthesis. This sex difference in 7␣-hydroxypregnenolone synthesis corresponded to the sex difference in locomotion. We show that only males exhibited marked diurnal changes in 7␣-hydroxypregnenolone synthesis, and these changes occurred in parallel with changes in locomotor activity. Finally, we identified melatonin as a key component of the mechanism regulating 7␣-hydroxypregnenolone synthesis. Increased synthesis of 7␣-hydroxypregnenolone occurred in males in vivo after melatonin removal via pinealectomy and orbital enucleation (Px plus Ex). Conversely, decreased synthesis of this neurosteroid occurred after melatonin administration to Px plus Ex males. This study demonstrates that melatonin regulates synthesis of 7␣-hydroxypregnenolone, a key factor for induction of locomotor activity, thus inducing diurnal locomotor changes in male birds. This is a previously undescribed role for melatonin.

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Transcriptional regulation of two cellobiohydrolase encoding genes (cel1 and cel2) from the wood-degrading basidiomycete Polyporus arcularius

Cited by 21 publications

References 21 publications

Isolation of Fungal Cellobiohydrolase I Genes from Sporocarps and Forest Soils by PCR

Isolation of Fungal Cellobiohydrolase I Genes from Sporocarps and Forest Soils by PCR

The Activity of a Wall-Bound Cellulase Is Required for and Is Coupled to Cell Cycle Progression in the DinoflagellateCrypthecodinium cohnii

7α-Hydroxypregnenolone Mediates Melatonin Action Underlying Diurnal Locomotor Rhythms

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