Transcriptional regulation of plant innate immunity

Abstract

Transcriptional reprogramming is an integral part of plant immunity. Tight regulation of the immune transcriptome is essential for a proper response of plants to different types of pathogens. Consequently, transcriptional regulators are proven targets of pathogens to enhance their virulence. The plant immune transcriptome is regulated by many different, interconnected mechanisms that can determine the rate at which genes are transcribed. These include intracellular calcium signaling, modulation of the redox state, post-translational modifications of transcriptional regulators, histone modifications, DNA methylation, modulation of RNA polymerases, alternative transcription inititation, the Mediator complex and regulation by non-coding RNAs. In addition, on their journey from transcription to translation, mRNAs are further modulated through mechanisms such as nuclear RNA retention, storage of mRNA in stress granules and P-bodies, and post-transcriptional gene silencing. In this review, we highlight the latest insights into these mechanisms. Furthermore, we discuss some emerging technologies that promise to greatly enhance our understanding of the regulation of the plant immune transcriptome in the future.

Natural immunity stimulation using ELICE16INDURES® plant conditioner in field culture of soybean

“…The WRKY family of transcription factors (TFs) is the major group of TFs in higher plant species [ 28 ]. Various studies have confirmed the significant biological role of WRKY TFs in plant growth, and biotic and abiotic stress responses as they are also actively involved in metabolism, including carbohydrate synthesis, aging, and the production of secondary metabolites, as well as in plant responses to pathogen infection [ 29 ].…”

Tight genetic linkage of genes causing hybrid necrosis and pollinator isolation between young species

“…Transcriptional reprogramming is an integral part of plant immunity 44 . To better understand the mechanism underlying the activation of the immune system in IL5-Ax, we screened the promoters of the 1,717 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; q < 0.001) between IL5-Ax and IL5-Ex for conserved cis -elements (Supplementary Table 5 ).…”

Tuning the Wavelength: Manipulation of Light Signaling to Control Plant Defense

“…These signaling cascades promote local physiological responses to impede invaders such as callose deposition, stomatal closure, and ethylene and SA biosynthesis. Ultimately, signaling leads to large-scale transcriptional reprogramming via activation of defense-related transcription factors (such as WRKY, bZIPs, and BHLHs) that promote the generation of antimicrobial components to fight pathogen attack [ 15 ]. The biosynthesis of the immune signal salicylic acid (SA) occurs in various subcellular compartments, including the cytosol and chloroplasts [ 16 ].…”