Abstract:Knowing how switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) responds and adapts to phosphorus (P)-limitation will aid efforts to optimize P acquisition and use in this species for sustainable biomass production. This integrative study investigated the impacts of mild, moderate, and severe P-stress on genome transcription and whole-plant metabolism, physiology and development in switchgrass. P-limitation reduced overall plant growth, increased root/shoot ratio, increased root branching at moderate P-stress, and decreased roo… Show more
“…Since the C/L ratio is an important metric for biofuel production, we suggest that higher P concentrations would produce a higher C/L ratio for potentially increased biofuel yield. The higher relative amide concentration in plants grown in the lowest concentration of P (1 μM) compared to those in intermediate P concentrations (10-30 μM) likely reflected severe P-stress in these plants, as soluble nitrogenous compounds including amino-acids and amides accumulate in other species under P-deficiency 28 , 29 , and consistent with our other observations 7 . Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 89%
“…P deficiency was also associated with higher lipid content, as indicated by the increased signal from carbonyl bonds, possibly related to the production of triacylglycerides as storage compounds under P limitation 7 , 9 . Note that while lignin concentrations increased gradually with decreasing P (there was no dose-response for N), cellulose concentrations showed a threshold effect with a large increase between 30 and 150 μM P, and these opposing responses manifested in a cellulose/lignin ratio that is highly sensitive to P deficiency, but not to N deficiency.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…Phosphorus (P) is a critical nutrient 2 , and poor P management poses a global risk for environmental sustainability and food security 3 – 5 . P limitation severely restricts photosynthesis and reduces CO 2 fixation 6 , but upregulates pathways associated with organic acid/carboxylate exudation 7 . P limitation can also be associated with increasing biosynthesis of defense metabolites, such as increased lignification of cell walls 8 , suggesting that changes in plant carbon allocation in response to P limitation may alter both the yield and the chemical composition of biofuel feedstocks, and therefore productivity 9 .…”
The perennial native switchgrass adapts better than other plant species do to marginal soils with low plant-available nutrients, including those with low phosphorus (P) content. Switchgrass roots and their associated microorganisms can alter the pools of available P throughout the whole soil profile making predictions of P availability in situ challenging. Plant P homeostasis makes monitoring of P limitation via measurements of plant P content alone difficult to interpret. To address these challenges, we developed a machine-learning model trained with high accuracy using the leaf tissue chemical profile, rather than P content. By applying this learned model in field trials across two sites with contrasting extractable soil P, we observed that actual plant available P in soil was more similar than expected, suggesting that adaptations occurred to alleviate the apparent P constraint. These adaptations come at a metabolic cost to the plant that have consequences for feedstock chemical components and quality. We observed that other biochemical signatures of P limitation, such as decreased cellulose-to-lignin ratios, were apparent, indicating re-allocation of carbon resources may have contributed to increased P acquisition. Plant P allocation strategies also differed across sites, and these differences were correlated with the subsequent year’s biomass yields.
“…Since the C/L ratio is an important metric for biofuel production, we suggest that higher P concentrations would produce a higher C/L ratio for potentially increased biofuel yield. The higher relative amide concentration in plants grown in the lowest concentration of P (1 μM) compared to those in intermediate P concentrations (10-30 μM) likely reflected severe P-stress in these plants, as soluble nitrogenous compounds including amino-acids and amides accumulate in other species under P-deficiency 28 , 29 , and consistent with our other observations 7 . Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 89%
“…P deficiency was also associated with higher lipid content, as indicated by the increased signal from carbonyl bonds, possibly related to the production of triacylglycerides as storage compounds under P limitation 7 , 9 . Note that while lignin concentrations increased gradually with decreasing P (there was no dose-response for N), cellulose concentrations showed a threshold effect with a large increase between 30 and 150 μM P, and these opposing responses manifested in a cellulose/lignin ratio that is highly sensitive to P deficiency, but not to N deficiency.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…Phosphorus (P) is a critical nutrient 2 , and poor P management poses a global risk for environmental sustainability and food security 3 – 5 . P limitation severely restricts photosynthesis and reduces CO 2 fixation 6 , but upregulates pathways associated with organic acid/carboxylate exudation 7 . P limitation can also be associated with increasing biosynthesis of defense metabolites, such as increased lignification of cell walls 8 , suggesting that changes in plant carbon allocation in response to P limitation may alter both the yield and the chemical composition of biofuel feedstocks, and therefore productivity 9 .…”
The perennial native switchgrass adapts better than other plant species do to marginal soils with low plant-available nutrients, including those with low phosphorus (P) content. Switchgrass roots and their associated microorganisms can alter the pools of available P throughout the whole soil profile making predictions of P availability in situ challenging. Plant P homeostasis makes monitoring of P limitation via measurements of plant P content alone difficult to interpret. To address these challenges, we developed a machine-learning model trained with high accuracy using the leaf tissue chemical profile, rather than P content. By applying this learned model in field trials across two sites with contrasting extractable soil P, we observed that actual plant available P in soil was more similar than expected, suggesting that adaptations occurred to alleviate the apparent P constraint. These adaptations come at a metabolic cost to the plant that have consequences for feedstock chemical components and quality. We observed that other biochemical signatures of P limitation, such as decreased cellulose-to-lignin ratios, were apparent, indicating re-allocation of carbon resources may have contributed to increased P acquisition. Plant P allocation strategies also differed across sites, and these differences were correlated with the subsequent year’s biomass yields.
“…In this study, 38 transcription factors were identi ed for both DH605 and Z58 (Table S5). These TFs belonged to diverse families, including AP2/ERF (2), bZIP (2), WRKY (9), MYB and MYB-related (5), NAC (3), bHLH (3), zinc nger (2), PLATZ (3), HB-HD-ZIP (2), GARP-G2-like (1), SRS (1), Tify (1), HSF (1), LOB (1), GNAT (1), MBF1(1). Among them, the number of WRKY genes accounted for 23.6% of the total regulated TFs.…”
Section: Gene Familymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…;Ding et al 2021). Free amino acids (such as Asn, Thr, Val, Ser, Orn) increased in both varieties, while part of other amino acids (such as Arg, His, Leu, Pro) was only accumulated in either DH605 or Z58.…”
AimsPotassium is important for plant growth and crop yield. However, the effects of potassium (K+) deficiency on silage maize biomass yield and how maize shoot feedback mechanisms of K+ deficiency regulating whole plant growth remains largely unknown. Here, the study aims to explore the maize growth and transcriptional and metabolic responses of shoots to long-term potassium deficiency.MethodsThe growth of silage maize and its biomass were analyzed with K+ treatment in field and hydroponic experiments. Furthermore, transcriptional and metabolic profiles of shoots were investigated for their effects on maize development under K+ deficiency condition. ResultsUnder K+ insufficiency condition, the biomass yield of silage maize decreased by 14%-17% in two-year field trials. The transcriptome data showed that there were 390 differently expressed genes overlapping and similarly regulated in the two varieties and they were considered as the fundamental responses to K+ deficiency in maize shoots, with many stress-induced genes involved in transport, primary and secondary metabolism, regulation, and other processes involved in K+ acquisition and homeostasis. Metabolic profiles indicated that most amino acids, phenolic acids, organic acids, and alkaloids were accumulated in shoots under K+ deficiency condition and part of the sugars and sugar alcohols also increased. ConclusionOur results suggested putrescine and putrescine derivatives were specifically accumulated under K+ deficiency condition, which may play a role in feedback regulation of shoot growth. These results confirmed the importance of K+ on silage maize production and provided a deeper insight into the responses to K+ deficiency in maize shoots.
Bioenergy production often focuses on the aboveground feedstock production for conversion to fuel and other materials. However, the belowground component is crucial for soil carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas fluxes, and ecosystem function. Roots maximize feedstock production on marginal lands by acquiring soil resources and mediating soil ecosystem processes through interactions with the microbial community. This belowground world is challenging to observe and quantify; however, there are unprecedented opportunities using current methodologies to bring roots, microbes, and soil into focus. These opportunities allow not only breeding for increased feedstock production but breeding for increased soil health and carbon sequestration as well. A recent workshop hosted by the USDOE Bioenergy Research Centers highlighted these challenges and opportunities while creating a roadmap for increased collaboration and data interoperability through standardization of methodologies and data using F.A.I.R. principles. This article provides a background on the need for belowground research in bioenergy cropping systems, a primer on root system properties of major U.S. bioenergy crops, and an overview of the roles of root chemistry, exudation, and microbial interactions on sustainability. Crucially, we outline how to adopt standardized measures and databases to meet the most pressing methodological needs to accelerate root, soil, and microbial research to meet the pressing societal challenges of the century.
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