Transcriptional Changes Associated with Lack of Lipid Synthesis in Parasitoids

Visser, Bertanne; Roelofs, Dick; Hahn, Daniel A.; Teal, Peter E. A.; Mariën, Janine; Ellers, Jacintha

doi:10.1093/gbe/evs065

Cited by 41 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…This study thus refuted the hypothesis that decreasing lipid levels were the result of stable lipid loss in this species. Similar results using chromatography-based methods later confirmed these findings in another wasp [21]. …”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Concurrence in the ability for lipid synthesis between life stages in insects

et al. 2017

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The ability to synthesize lipids is critical for an organism’s fitness; hence, metabolic pathways, underlying lipid synthesis, tend to be highly conserved. Surprisingly, the majority of parasitoids deviate from this general metabolic model by lacking the ability to convert sugars and other carbohydrates into lipids. These insects spend the first part of their life feeding and developing in or on an arthropod host, during which they can carry over a substantial amount of lipid reserves. While many parasitoid species have been tested for lipogenic ability at the adult life stage, it has remained unclear whether parasitoid larvae can synthesize lipids. Here we investigate whether or not several insects can synthesize lipids during the larval stage using three ectoparasitic wasps (developing on the outside of the host) and the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster that differ in lipogenic ability in the adult life stage. Using feeding experiments and stable isotope tracing with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, we first confirm lipogenic abilities in the adult life stage. Using topical application of stable isotopes in developing larvae, we then provide clear evidence of concurrence in lipogenic ability between larval and adult life stages in all species tested.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Concurrence in the ability for lipid synthesis between life stages in insects

et al. 2017

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“…A significant increase in lipid levels after sugar‐feeding suggests that lipid synthesis has occurred, whereas lipid synthesis is lacking when lipid levels remain stable or decrease (Eijs et al., 1998; Ellers, 1996; Visser et al., 2010, 2012). We further compared teneral lipid content of female wasps obtained in 2013 and 2016, and between 2013 populations synthesizing and lacking lipid synthesis, to determine whether and when host lipid content may affect lipogenic ability of wasps using one‐way ANOVAs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To test whether wasps synthesize lipids, we conducted feeding experiments similar to those performed in previous studies (Eijs et al, 1998;Le Lann et al, 2014;Moiroux et al, 2010;Visser et al, 2010Visser et al, , 2012. Using this method, a comparison is made between the total amount of storage lipids present right after emergence from the host, that is, teneral lipid levels, and the amount of lipids after feeding on a sugar source (up to 14 days).…”

Section: Testing For Lipogenic Abilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We are primarily interested in testing whether lipid synthesis occurs within populations; hence one-way ANOVAs or Mann-Whitney Utests (in case of non-normal data/heterogeneity of variances) were performed for each population separately. A significant increase in lipid levels after sugar-feeding suggests that lipid synthesis has occurred, whereas lipid synthesis is lacking when lipid levels remain stable or decrease (Eijs et al, 1998;Ellers, 1996;Visser et al, 2010Visser et al, , 2012. We further compared teneral lipid content of female wasps obtained in 2013 and 2016, and between 2013 populations synthesizing and lacking lipid synthesis, to determine whether and when host lipid content may affect lipogenic ability of wasps using oneway ANOVAs.…”

Section: Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Between-species variation in the ability for lipid synthesis became evident by testing a large number of taxonomically distinct parasitoid species (Visser et al, 2010), but only few species were tested repeatedly for the ability to synthesize lipids (Giron & Casas, 2003;Rivero & West, 2002;Visser et al, 2012Visser et al, , 2017). An exception are species in the genus Leptopilina, which have been popular model systems for a multitude of research fields, including, but not limited to, studies on (theoretical) ecology and behavior (e.g., foraging behavior), chemical communication (e.g., host-finding cues), life histories (e.g., time vs egg limitation), and physiology (e.g., host immunity) (Fleury, Gibert, Ris, & Allemand, 2009;Haccou, Vlas, Alphen, & Visser, 1991;Heavner et al, 2017;Janssen, van Alphen, Sabelis, & Bakker, 1995;Visser, van Alphen, & Hemerik, 1992;Wertheim, Vet, & Dicke, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variation in lipid synthesis, but genetic homogeneity, among Leptopilina parasitic wasp populations

Visser

Hance

Noël

et al. 2018

Ecology and Evolution

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Lipid synthesis can have a major effect on survival and reproduction, yet most insect parasitoids fail to synthesize lipids. For parasitic wasps in the genus Leptopilina, however, studies have suggested that there is intraspecific variation in the ability for lipid synthesis. These studies were performed on only few populations, and a large‐scale investigation of both lipogenic ability and population genetic structure is now needed. Here, we first examined lipogenic ability of nine Leptopilina heterotoma populations collected in 2013 and found that five of nine populations synthesized lipids. The 2013 populations could not be used to determine genetic structure; hence, we obtained another 20 populations in 2016 that were tested for lipogenic ability. Thirteen of 20 populations (all Leptopilina heterotoma) were then used to determine the level of genetic differentiation (i.e., haplotype and nucleotide diversity) by sequencing neutral mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (ITS2) markers. None of the 2016 populations synthesized lipids, and no genetic differentiation was found. Our results did reveal a nearly twofold increase in mean wasp lipid content at emergence in populations obtained in 2016 compared to 2013. We propose that our results can be explained by plasticity in lipid synthesis, where lipogenic ability is determined by environmental factors, such as developmental temperature and/or the amount of lipids carried over from the host.

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Galleria mellonella larvae fat body disruption (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) caused by the venom of Habrobracon brevicornis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Kryukova

Mozhaytseva

Rotskaya

et al. 2020

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

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The ability of Habrobracon brevicornis venom to elevate the nutritional suitability of a host by affecting the host larvae fat body condition was studied. To understand whether H. brevicornis crude venom impacts the host biochemical profile, the concentrations of total lipids and main sugars in the host larvae lymph were analyzed. All measurements were carried out during the first 3 days after envenomation. A significant increase in the lipid level was fixed only on the second day after envenomation. A significant increase in the total trehalose count was detected during all 3 days, while a significant increase in glucose concentration was noted only on the first day. Well-observed disruptions were fixed in thin and semithin sections of the G. mellonella larval fat body starting from the second day after envenomation. Significant increases in both phospholipase A 2 and C enzyme activity as well as acid proteases were detected in the wax moth fat body after envenomation during all experimental times. At the same time, imbalances in the antioxidant system, including changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidases, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase, were detected. The reliable increase in the expression of the gene encoding Hsp70 was fixed both for 24 and 48 h after envenomation, while a reliable increase in the expression of

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Transcriptional Changes Associated with Lack of Lipid Synthesis in Parasitoids

Cited by 41 publications

References 62 publications

Concurrence in the ability for lipid synthesis between life stages in insects

Concurrence in the ability for lipid synthesis between life stages in insects

Variation in lipid synthesis, but genetic homogeneity, among Leptopilina parasitic wasp populations

Galleria mellonella larvae fat body disruption (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) caused by the venom of Habrobracon brevicornis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

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