Transcriptional and reverse transcriptional regulation of host genes by human endogenous retroviruses in cancers

Zhang, Mengwen; Zheng, Shu; Liang, Jessie Qiaoyi

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.946296

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 166 publications

(192 reference statements)

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“…RTPCR; Sequencing; Protein detection (Bergallo et al, 2018;Durnaoglu et al, 2021;Hashimoto et al, 2021;Zhang et al, 2022) Pluripotency/ embryogenesis HERV-K: LTR5HS; LTR3B, LTR14B; HERV-H: LTR7B and LTR7Y; HERV-W; HERV-L: MLT2A1; ERV-9: LTR12C.…”

Section: Hervinvolved Events Herv Families Methods Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Beyond pathogens: the intriguing genetic legacy of endogenous retroviruses in host physiology

da Silva,

Guedes,

Santos

et al. 2024

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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The notion that viruses played a crucial role in the evolution of life is not a new concept. However, more recent insights suggest that this perception might be even more expansive, highlighting the ongoing impact of viruses on host evolution. Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are considered genomic remnants of ancient viral infections acquired throughout vertebrate evolution. Their exogenous counterparts once infected the host’s germline cells, eventually leading to the permanent endogenization of their respective proviruses. The success of ERV colonization is evident so that it constitutes 8% of the human genome. Emerging genomic studies indicate that endogenous retroviruses are not merely remnants of past infections but rather play a corollary role, despite not fully understood, in host genetic regulation. This review presents some evidence supporting the crucial role of endogenous retroviruses in regulating host genetics. We explore the involvement of human ERVs (HERVs) in key physiological processes, from their precise and orchestrated activities during cellular differentiation and pluripotency to their contributions to aging and cellular senescence. Additionally, we discuss the costs associated with hosting a substantial amount of preserved viral genetic material.

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Section: Hervinvolved Events Herv Families Methods Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cell culture; RNA-seq; RT PCR; Literature review. (Bergallo et al, 2018;Deng et al, 2019;Siebenthall et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2022) Retroviral transactivation HIV: HERV-K: HML2; HERV-E; HERV-T;…”

Section: Hervinvolved Events Herv Families Methods Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond pathogens: the intriguing genetic legacy of endogenous retroviruses in host physiology

da Silva,

Guedes,

Santos

et al. 2024

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…The presence of two CGIs surrounding the transcriptional initiation site in the HIV-1 promoter makes it susceptible to DNA methylation. Some studies have documented significantly elevated levels of DNA methylation at CGIs in transformed cell models of HIV-1 latency, akin to observations in certain human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) [ 42 ▪ , 43 ]. However, investigations on ex-vivo primary T cells obtained from well suppressed PWH have consistently identified little or no DNA methylation of the latent HIV-1 [ 10 ▪▪ , 44 ].…”

Section: Dna Methylation Of Latent Hiv-1mentioning

confidence: 99%

The sounds of silencing: dynamic epigenetic control of HIV latency

Nguyen,

Karn

2024

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS

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Purpose of review This review highlights advances in understanding the epigenetic control mechanisms that regulate HIV-1 latency mechanisms in T-cells and microglial cells and describes the potential of current therapeutic approaches targeting the epigenetic machinery to eliminate or block the HIV-1 latent reservoir. Recent findings Large-scale unbiased CRISPR-Cas9 library-based screenings, coupled with biochemical studies, have comprehensively identified the epigenetic factors pivotal in regulating HIV-1 latency, paving the way for potential novel targets in therapeutic development. These studies also highlight how the bivalency observed at the HIV-1 5’LTR primes latent proviruses for rapid reactivation. Summary The HIV-1 latent is established very early during infection, and its persistence is the major obstacle to achieving an HIV-1 cure. Here, we present a succinct summary of the latest research findings, shedding light on the pivotal roles played by host epigenetic machinery in the control of HIV-1 latency. Newly uncovered mechanisms permitting rapid reversal of epigenetic restrictions upon viral reactivation highlight the formidable challenges of achieving enduring and irreversible epigenetic silencing of HIV-1.

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“…The role of endogenous retrotransposons in cancer initiation and progression is well known in the context of their mutagenic activity. Increased activity of non-LTR elements is found in many tumor types (79)(80)(81)(82)(83)(84). However, the formation of an adequate immune response to non-LTR epitopes does not occur due to the inhibitory influence of the tumor microenvironment and the dualistic role of senescent cells in tumors (82, 85).…”

Section: Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

T-cell immunity against senescence: potential role and perspectives

Matveeva,

Vasilieva,

Minskaia

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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The development of age-associated diseases is related to the accumulation of senescent cells in the body. These are old non-functional cells with impaired metabolism, which are unable to divide. Such cells are also resistant to programmed cell death and prone to spontaneous production of some inflammatory factors. The accumulation of senescent cells is related to the age-associated dysfunction of organs and tissues as well as chronic inflammation that enhances with age. In the young organism, senescent cells are removed with the innate immunity system. However, the efficiency of this process decreases with age. Nowadays, more and more evidences are accumulating to support the involvement of specific immunity and T-lymphocytes in the fight against senescent cells. It has great physiological importance since the efficient elimination of senescent cells requires a high diversity of antigen-recognizing receptors to cover the entire spectrum of senescent-associated antigens with high precision and specificity. Developing the approaches of T-cell immunity stimulation to generate or amplify a physiological immune response against senescent cells can provide new perspectives to extend active longevity. In this mini-review, the authors summarize the current understanding of the role of T-cell immunity in the fight against senescent cells and discuss the prospects of stimulating adaptive immunity for combating the accumulation of senescent cells that occurs with age.

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Transcriptional and reverse transcriptional regulation of host genes by human endogenous retroviruses in cancers

Cited by 8 publications

References 166 publications

Beyond pathogens: the intriguing genetic legacy of endogenous retroviruses in host physiology

Beyond pathogens: the intriguing genetic legacy of endogenous retroviruses in host physiology

The sounds of silencing: dynamic epigenetic control of HIV latency

T-cell immunity against senescence: potential role and perspectives

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