Transcriptional and hormonal regulation of petal and stamen development by STAMENLESS, the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) orthologue to the B-class APETALA3 gene

Abstract

SummaryCharacterization of stamenless mutants reveals that petal and stamen identity in tomato depends on gene–hormone interactions, as mediated by the tomato APETALA3 orthologue STAMENLESS gene (SL, syn. TAP3, SlDEF, LeAP3).

A Factor Linking Floral Organ Identity and Growth Revealed by Characterization of the Tomato Mutant unfinished flower development (ufd)

“…The production of ACC, strigol, and some forms of auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins were increased in ufd compared to WT. Modification of the hormonal profile was previously reported in B-class tomato mutants sl and sl-2 (Sawhney, 1974; Singh et al, 1992; Singh and Sawhney, 1998, Quinet et al, 2014). These observations might indicate that hormones play a role in proper development of floral organs.…”

“…Even a total loss of floral organ identity in Arabidopsis flowers resulted in the conversion of sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels in leaf-like organs as observed in the sep1-4 quadruple mutant or in mutants combining mutations in all floral homeotic genes (Bowman et al, 1991; Pelaz et al, 2000; Ditta et al, 2004). In tomato, floral organ identity was partially or completely lost when representative genes of MADS-box classes A ( MC) , B ( SL, TM6, TPI and TPIB ), C ( TAG1 ), and E ( TM5 and TM29 ) were mutated or down-regulated (Lozano et al, 2009; Geuten and Irish, 2010; Quinet et al, 2014; Yuste-Lisbona et al, 2016), promoting homeotic changes in the floral organs where these gene functions are required. Additional floral whorls or floral organs were also observed in antisense TM5 plants and ectopic shoots with partially developed leaves and secondary flowers emerged from the fruit in antisense TM29 plants (Pnueli et al, 1994b; Ampomah-Dwamena et al, 2002).…”

“…Concentrations of the endogenous phytohormones including cytokinins, auxins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), brassinosteroids, benzoic acid, and their metabolites were determined in developing inflorescences (pooled flowering shoot apices harvested on 40-day-old plants) of ufd and WT plants according to Quinet et al (2014). Phytohormones were extracted using 50–100 mg lyophilised plant material from three biological replicates with methanol/formic acid/water (15:1:4, by volume) and then purified using the dual-mode solid-phase method (Dobrev and Kamínek, 2002).…”

“…SlGLO2 ) and S. lycopersicum GLOBOSA ( SlGLO ; syn. SlGLO1, LePI, TPIB ; Pnueli et al, 1991; Kramer et al, 1998; Busi et al, 2003; de Martino et al, 2006; Leseberg et al, 2008; Geuten and Irish, 2010; Quinet et al, 2014). The TOMATO AGAMOUS 1 ( TAG1 ) gene specifies stamen and carpel identity (Pnueli et al, 1994a) and together with TOMATO AGAMOUS LIKE-1 ( TAGL1 ; syn.…”

High-Temperature-Induced Defects in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Anther and Pollen Development Are Associated with Reduced Expression of B-Class Floral Patterning Genes

“…TOMATO AP3 ( TAP3 ) and TM6 [34]. A loss-of-function mutation in TAP3 results in a homeotic conversion of stamen to pistil-like tissue, as well as conversion of petals to sepal-like structures [37]. Silencing of TM6 , on the other hand, only leads to homeotic conversions of the stamen [34,37].…”