Transcription termination and polyadenylation in retroviruses.

Guntaka, R V

doi:10.1128/mmbr.57.3.511-521.1993

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…In addition, the upstream LTR acts as a promoter and enhancer and the downstream LTR acts as transcription termination and polyadenylation site. 1 The binding of cellular and viral proteins to these regions regulates HIV gene expression. 2,3 Duplication of unique sequences U3 and U5 in the LTRs is a result of the minus strand DNA transfer during reverse transcription ( Fig.…”

Section: First (Minus) Strand Dna Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

Requirements for efficient minus strand strong-stop DNA transfer in human immunodeficiency virus 1

Piekna‐Przybylska

Bambara

2011

RNA Biology

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After HIV-1 enters a human cell, its RNA genome is converted into double stranded DNA during the multistep process of reverse transcription. First (minus) strand DNA synthesis is initiated near the 5' end of the viral RNA, where only a short fragment of the genome is copied. In order to continue DNA synthesis the virus employs a complicated mechanism, which enables transferring of the growing minus strand DNA to a remote position at the genomic 3' end. This is called minus strand DNA transfer. The transfer enables regeneration of long terminal repeat sequences, which are crucial for viral genomic DNA integration into the host chromosome. Numerous factors have been identified that stimulate minus strand DNA transfer. In this review we focus on describing protein-RNA and RNA-RNA interactions, as well as RNA structural features, known to facilitate this step in reverse transcription.

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Section: First (Minus) Strand Dna Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

Requirements for efficient minus strand strong-stop DNA transfer in human immunodeficiency virus 1

Piekna‐Przybylska

Bambara

2011

RNA Biology

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“…About 15 % readthrough of transcripts has been reported for Avian leukosis virus, which occurs during retrovirus infection by polyadenylation of viral RNA in cellular sequences adjacent to the provirus or increased usage of cryptic sites within viral sequences. Furthermore, mutation of the poly(A) signal, leading to less than 1 % correct polyadenylation, had almost no effect on virus replication (Swain & Coffin, 1989, 1993. Use of cryptic cleavage sites could be a possible explanation for maintained vector stability after poly(A) site deletion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The length of the R regions of different retroviruses ranges from 16 bases of Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) to 247 bases in human T-cell leukemia virus type 2 (Sodroski et al, 1984;Moore et al, 1987). As strand transfer can be initiated by shorter R regions (Lobel & Goff, 1985;Klaver & Berkhout, 1994;Dang & Hu, 2001), its length might also depend on other functions residing in R such as polyadenylation (Guntaka, 1993;Berkhout et al, 1995a). Lentiviral R regions also contain the transactivation response element (TAR) (Coffin, 1990;Rabson & Graves, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional replacement of the R region of simian immunodeficiency virus-based vectors by heterologous elements

Brandt

Grünwald

Lucke

et al. 2006

Journal of General Virology

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Substitution of lentiviral cis-acting elements by heterologous sequences might allow the safety of lentiviral vectors to be enhanced by reducing the risk of homologous recombination and vector mobilization. Therefore, a substitution and deletion analysis of the R region of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-based vectors was performed and the effect of the modifications on packaging and transfer by SIV and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles was analysed. Deletion of the first 7 nt of R reduced vector titres by 10-to 20-fold, whilst deletion of the entire R region led to vector titres that were 1500-fold lower. Replacement of the R region of SIV-based vectors by HIV-1 or Moloney murine sarcoma virus R regions partially restored vector titres. A non-retroviral cellular sequence was also functional, although to a lesser extent. In the absence of tat, modification of the R region had only minor effects on cytoplasmic RNA stability, steady-state levels of vector RNA and packaging, consistent with the known primary function of R during reverse transcription. Although the SIV R region of SIV-based vectors could be replaced functionally by heterologous sequences, the same modifications of R led to a severe replication defect in the context of a replication-competent SIV. As SIV-based vectors containing the HIV-1 R region were transferred less efficiently by HIV-1 particles than wild-type SIV vectors, a match between R and cis-acting elements of the vector construct seems to be more important than a match between R and the Gag or Pol proteins of the vector particle.

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“…LTRs contain regulatory sequences such as promoters, polyadenylation signals/sites and enhancers, and can therefore dramatically influence the RNA expression of both retroviral and nonretroviral sequences (Guntaka, 1993;Seifarth et al, 2005). At both ends of the BSHRV genome there are 1028 nt-long and 899…”

Section: Analysis Of the Long Terminal Repeats (Ltrs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of an integrated, endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus-like (MMTV) betaretrovirus genome in a black Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

Horváth

Boros

Kálmán

et al. 2019

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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Retroviruses (family Retroviridae) are important agents of humans and animals. This study reports the detection and complete genome characterization of a novel endogenous retrovirus from the black Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) with a squamous cell skin tumor. The proviral genome, tentatively named black Syrian hamster retrovirus (BSHRV/2013/HUN, MK304634), was 8784 nucleotide in length with typical full-length betaretrovirus genome organization of 5'LTR-gag-pro-pol-env-3'LTR and with a characteristic mouse mammary tumor virus-like (MMTV) betaretrovirus dUTPase domain but without a sag gene. The BSHRV gag (534aa), pro/ pol (~1099aa) and env (672aa) proteins had 56%/63%/50% aa identity to the corresponding proteins of MMTV (AF228552). The proviral DNA is detectable in tumor as well as in tumor-free cells by conventional PCR and qPCR but only visible in the tumor cells by in situ hybridization. Low level retroviral RNA expression was found only in the DNase-treated RNA tumor samples using RT/nested PCR. BSHRV/2013/HUN-like betaretrovirus DNA was also identified from a faecal and tissue samples from 1 of the further 3 tested individuals by nested-PCR and qPCR. Further research is needed to investigate the distribution, activity and etiological role of this novel MMTV-like betaretrovirus species in hamster.

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Transcription termination and polyadenylation in retroviruses.

Cited by 22 publications

References 70 publications

Requirements for efficient minus strand strong-stop DNA transfer in human immunodeficiency virus 1

Requirements for efficient minus strand strong-stop DNA transfer in human immunodeficiency virus 1

Functional replacement of the R region of simian immunodeficiency virus-based vectors by heterologous elements

Characterization of an integrated, endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus-like (MMTV) betaretrovirus genome in a black Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

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