Transcription from maize storage protein gene promoters in yeast.

Langridge, Peter; Eibel, Hermann; Brown, John W.; Feix, Günter

doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02157.x

Cited by 37 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…Because maize transformation was not routine until recently, zein gene expression has been studied in heterologous systems like Escherichia coli, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Xenopus laevis, Petunia hybrida, and tobacco (Larkins et al, 1979;Langridge et al, 1984;Norrander et al, 1985;Ueng et al, 1988;Ohtani et al, 1991). Expression of zeins in heterologous systems has been thought of as a test case for genetic engineering of nutritionally improved seeds.…”

Section: Need Of Homologous Expression Systems To Validate Gene Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RNA Interference-Mediated Change in Protein Body Morphology and Seed Opacity through Loss of Different Zein Proteins

2010

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Opaque or nonvitreous phenotypes relate to the seed architecture of maize (Zea mays) and are linked to loci that control the accumulation and proper deposition of storage proteins, called zeins, into specialized organelles in the endosperm, called protein bodies. However, in the absence of null mutants of each type of zein (i.e. a, b, g, and d), the molecular contribution of these proteins to seed architecture remains unclear. Here, a double null mutant for the d-zeins, the 22-kD a-zein, the b-zein, and the g-zein RNA interference (RNAi; designated as z1CRNAi, bRNAi, and gRNAi, respectively) and their combinations have been examined. While the d-zein double null mutant had negligible effects on protein body formation, the bRNAi and gRNAi alone only cause slight changes. Substantial loss of the 22-kD a-zeins by z1CRNAi resulted in protein body budding structures, indicating that a sufficient amount of the 22-kD zeins is necessary for maintenance of a normal protein body shape. Among different mutant combinations, only the combined bRNAi and gRNAi resulted in drastic morphological changes, while other combinations did not. Overexpression of a-kafirins, the homologues of the maize 22-kD a-zeins in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), in the b/gRNAi mutant failed to offset the morphological alterations, indicating that b-and g-zeins have redundant and unique functions in the stabilization of protein bodies. Indeed, opacity of the b/gRNAi mutant was caused by incomplete embedding of the starch granules rather than by reducing the vitreous zone.

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Section: Need Of Homologous Expression Systems To Validate Gene Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RNA Interference-Mediated Change in Protein Body Morphology and Seed Opacity through Loss of Different Zein Proteins

2010

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“…At least some of these large RNAs were found to map to two putative promoters (P1 and P2) that are separated by approximately 900 bp (Langridge et al, 1982b;Langridge and Feix, 1983). S1 nuclease mapping of mRNA 5' ends and transcription in heterologous systems have given ambiguous results regarding the utilization of these promoters (Langridge et al, 1982a(Langridge et al, , 1982bLangridge et al, 1984;Brown et al, 1986), as well as the concentration of these RNAs in maize endosperm (Kriz et al, 1987). Based on our mapping of nuclear run-on transcripts, a-zein RNAs arising from the far upstream promoter (Pl) constitute, at most, a relatively minor percentage of the gene transcripts.…”

Section: Dlscusslonmentioning

confidence: 99%

The opaque-2 mutation of maize differentially reduces zein gene transcription.

1989

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Zeins, the storage proteins of maize seed, are encoded by a large multigene family that is regulated developmentally and expressed in a tissue-specific manner during endosperm development. The synthesis of these proteins is affected by mutations, such as opaque-2, that cause a reduction in the accumulation of zein proteins and mRNAs. We used nuclear run-on transcription assays to analyze the expression of zein genes in developing normal and opaque-2 endosperms and to map the origin of these transcripts with respect to the coding and noncoding regions of the genes. These analyses demonstrate that zein gene expression is regulated transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally in developing endosperm. Transcription of genes encoding a-zeins is inhibited significantly in opaque-2 mutants, with expression of those encoding the M, 22,000 proteins being almost totally blocked. Other gene subfamilies were affected but to a lesser extent.

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“…Zein genes or promoters were shown to be active in yeast [ 18,19,6], extracts of HeLa cells [ 18], nuclei of the blue-green alga Acetabularia [20], protoplasts from maize endosperm [32], transgenic sunflower callus [25] and transgenic petunia and tobacco plants [28,38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The maize zein gene zE19 contains two distinct promoters which are independently activated in endosperm and anthers of transgenic Petunia plants

et al. 1990

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The activity, tissue specificity and temporal expression of the tandem promoter region preceding a maize zein gene (zE19, encoding a 19 kDa zein protein) were tested in transgenic Petunia plants. To simplify the analysis, the tandem promoter as well as each of the two separate promoter regions were fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. All of the three constructs directed the synthesis of GUS in the endosperm of transformed seeds indicating that both separate promoters are independently activated and show the same tissue and cell type specificity observed for zein genes in maize. The kinetics of accumulation and the localization of GUS activity are not coordinated with those of Petunia endogenous seed storage proteins during the development of transformed seeds. Unexpectedly, we detected high levels of GUS activity in anthers of transformed Petunia plants for all three constructs. This appears to reflect the expression pattern of zein genes in maize, since we detect zein transcripts in anthers. Finally, we discuss the possible origin and function of the tandem promoter arrangement on the basis of these data.

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Transcription from maize storage protein gene promoters in yeast.

Cited by 37 publications

References 21 publications

RNA Interference-Mediated Change in Protein Body Morphology and Seed Opacity through Loss of Different Zein Proteins

RNA Interference-Mediated Change in Protein Body Morphology and Seed Opacity through Loss of Different Zein Proteins

The opaque-2 mutation of maize differentially reduces zein gene transcription.

The maize zein gene zE19 contains two distinct promoters which are independently activated in endosperm and anthers of transgenic Petunia plants

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