Transcription Factor AP‐2 Regulates Expression of the Dopamine β‐Hydroxylase Gene

Greco, Dominique; Zellmer, Eustacia; Zhang, Zheng; Lewis, Elaine J.

doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.65020510.x

Cited by 39 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…[34][35][36][37][38] The proteins have been reported to have very similar biochemical properties and the palindromic sequence 5Ј-GCCNNNGGC-3Ј is considered as consensus binding sites for all three AP-2 isoforms. 39,40 The function of AP-2 is increased by two different signal-transduction pathways. AP-2 seems to mediate transcriptional acti-vation in response to both the phorbol-ester-and diacylglycerol-activated protein kinase C, and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A.…”

Section: Transcription Factor Family Ap-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic mechanisms of behavior—don't forget about the transcription factors

et al. 2001

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Major changes in psychiatric phenotypes due to genetic factors are seldom the result of single gene polymorphisms, but more often the result of several genetic mechanisms. In this millennium article we discuss the notion that the expression of numerous candidate genes could be regulated by the same transcription factors, and that polymorphisms in transcription factor genes might explain some phenotypes. We describe recent results of studies on the biological marker thrombocyte monoamine oxidase (trbc MAO) and the transcription factor AP-2␤. Low levels of trbc MAO is associated with temperamental characteristics such as sensation seeking and impulsiveness, and the enzyme is genetically regulated by specific transcriptional mechanisms. Transcription factor AP-2␤ is important for the development of midbrain structures and AP-2␤ has several binding sites in the regulatory regions of genes encoding key proteins in the monoamine transmitter systems. We have recently shown AP-2␤ to be linked to personality, binge-eating disorder, treatment with antidepressant drugs, and also to trbc MAO. Regardless of whether transcriptions factors, such as AP-2␤, regulate the expression of eg, the number of monoamine neurons or a variety of candidate genes within the monoamine systems, or both, we would like to emphasize the role of transcription factors, besides polymorphisms in monoaminergic candidate genes, when explaining inter-individual differences in temperament and psychiatric vulnerability. Molecular Psychiatry (2001) 6, 503-510.

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Section: Transcription Factor Family Ap-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic mechanisms of behavior—don't forget about the transcription factors

et al. 2001

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“…Transcription factor AP-2␣ regulates the genes involved in a spectrum of important biological functions. Some of the AP-2␣-activated genes are p21WAF1/CIP1 (1), transforming growth factor-␣ (2), estrogen receptor (3), keratinocyte-specific genes (4), tyrosine kinase receptor gene c-KIT (5), HIV type-1 (6), HTLV-I (7,8), type IV collagenase (9), SV40 enhancer region, human metallothionein gene IIa (10), HER-2/neu (11,12), insulin-like growth factorbinding protein-5 (13), and the dopamine ␤-hydroxylase gene (14). AP-2␣ also negatively regulates a number of genes, including MCAM/MUC18 (15); c/EBP-␣, during adipogenesis; and c-myc (16).…”

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confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Activation Domains of AP-2 Family Transcription Factors

Wankhade

Weinberg

et al. 2000

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Despite sequence variation, all AP-2 isotypes are capable of activating transcription, which indicates a functional conservation. We used this property to gain a unique insight into the structure and function of the activation motifs of AP-2 family transcription factors. We have precisely localized the activation motif of human AP-2␣ to amino acids 52-108. Our experiments indicate that similar sequence of amino acids in all AP-2 isotypes except Drosophila AP-2␣ harbor their activation motifs. Within this sequence, fewer than 36 residues are critical for transcription activation. Our comparison studies and site-directed mutagenic analyses show that these critical amino acids are strategically placed within this sequence. These residues are interspersed with nonessential and influential residues that vary in composition and length, indicating a structural flexibility. The Drosophila AP-2␣ has its partly conserved activation motif in an extended region about twice the length of other AP-2 isotypes. Our results reveal essential elements of the amino acid composition of activators in general and shed new light on the mechanism of transcription activation.

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“…The AP transcription factor family was first isolated from HeLa cells and was initially named for its transcriptional activation function (24,25). It has been shown to be an activator in regulating many genes, including HIV type 1 (26), type IV collagenase (27), and the dopamine ␤-hydroxylase gene (28). However, the AP-2 site within the human CR2 gene acts as a transcriptional repressor and recently more data have been assembled suggesting that this well-known activating transcription factor may act as a transcriptional repressor.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Analysis of the Human Complement Receptor 2 (CR2/CD21) Promoter: Characterization of Basal Transcriptional Mechanisms

Ulgiati

Pham

Holers

2002

The Journal of Immunology

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Human complement receptor (CR) type 2 (CR2/CD21) is a 145-kDa membrane protein encoded within the regulators of complement activation gene cluster localized on human chromosome 1q32. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate CR2 expression is important because CR2 is expressed during specific stages of B cell development, and several lines of evidence suggest a role for altered CR2 function or expression in a number of autoimmune diseases. Additionally, even modest changes in CR2 expression are likely to affect relative B cell responses. In this study we have delineated the transcriptional requirements of the human CR2 gene. We have studied the human CR2 proximal promoter and identified sites important for controlling the level of transcription in CR2-expressing cells. We have determined that four functionally relevant sites lie within very close proximity to the transcriptional initiation site. These sites bind the transcription factors USF1, an AP-2-like transcription factor, and Sp1.

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Transcription Factor AP‐2 Regulates Expression of the Dopamine β‐Hydroxylase Gene

Cited by 39 publications

References 15 publications

Genetic mechanisms of behavior—don't forget about the transcription factors

Genetic mechanisms of behavior—don't forget about the transcription factors

Characterization of the Activation Domains of AP-2 Family Transcription Factors

Functional Analysis of the Human Complement Receptor 2 (CR2/CD21) Promoter: Characterization of Basal Transcriptional Mechanisms

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