“…ICAM-1 could enhance myonuclear transcription, as well as downstream processes of muscle regeneration by regulating multiple processes. In cultured cells (e.g., endothelial cells and leukocytes) [13,14], ligation of membrane ICAM-1 activates transcription factors (e.g., AP-1 and FAST-1) [30,31], membrane receptors (e.g., IGF-1R and HGFR) [31], nonreceptor kinases (e.g., Src family) [32], signaling molecules (e.g., MAPK, Akt, and Rho GTPases) [33][34][35][36], and cytoskeletal-associated proteins (e.g., focal adhesion kinase and paxillin) [34]. Ligation of membrane ICAM-1 also increases expression of early response genes (e.g., c-fos) [37], cytokines (e.g., IL-1ß and MIP-1α) [30,38,39], and adhesion molecules (e.g., VCAM-1 and ICAM-1) [40,41].…”