Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience – virtual lesion, chronometry, and functional connectivity

Pascual‐Leone, Álvaro; Walsh, Vincent; Rothwell, John C.

doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00081-7

Cited by 826 publications

(470 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Another important development is the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and related techniques to noninvasively and temporarily inhibit or enhance brain function in specific, selected brain regions (Pascual-Leone, Walsh, & Rothwell, 2000;Rödel et al, 2009;Udden et al, 2008). These methods allow neuroscientists to actually test the causal hypotheses derived from brain imaging studies, which are typically correlational in nature.…”

Section: Neuroscientific Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical approaches to the study of language evolution

2017

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The study of language evolution, and human cognitive evolution more generally, has often been ridiculed as unscientific, but in fact it differs little from many other disciplines that investigate past events, such as geology or cosmology. Well-crafted models of language evolution make numerous testable hypotheses, and if the principles of strong inference (simultaneous testing of multiple plausible hypotheses) are adopted, there is an increasing amount of relevant data allowing empirical evaluation of such models. The articles in this special issue provide a concise overview of current models of language evolution, emphasizing the testable predictions that they make, along with overviews of the many sources of data available to test them (emphasizing comparative, neural, and genetic data). The key challenge facing the study of language evolution is not a lack of data, but rather a weak commitment to hypothesistesting approaches and strong inference, exacerbated by the broad and highly interdisciplinary nature of the relevant data. This introduction offers an overview of the field, and a summary of what needed to evolve to provide our species with language-ready brains. It then briefly discusses different contemporary models of language evolution, followed by an overview of different sources of data to test these models. I conclude with my own multistage model of how different components of language could have evolved.

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Section: Neuroscientific Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical approaches to the study of language evolution

2017

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“…54,55 Originally conceived as an alternative method to the non-invasive, but painful technique of transcranial electrical stimulation, 56 transcranial magnetic stimulation has also proven useful in cognitive neuroscience as an important extension of current neuroimaging procedures such as functional MRI (fMRI) or positron emission tomography (PET). 55,57 During TMS, a strong, relatively focal and rapidly changing magnetic field is applied adjacent to the scalp, in order to stimulate electrically a given cortical area through electromagnetic induction. Because the magnetic field penetrates the cranium unimpededly, the stimulation is almost painless and normally well tolerated by the subjects.…”

Section: Combining Tms With Cognitive Neuroscience To Induce Obesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inducing out-of-body experiences

Blanke¹,

Thut²

2007

Tall Tales About the Mind and BrainSeparating Fact From Fiction

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“…Thus a number of approaches are now being investigated in an attempt to increase the effectiveness of stroke rehabilitation techniques for the UE. Non-invasive methods of brain stimulation such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are extensively researched and are beginning to be used clinically to modulate brain activity (Paulus, 2003;Pascual-Leone et al, 2000;Hummel et al, 2005). Although these two methods have very different modes of action (rTMS stimulates axons in the brain and initiates new action potentials; tDCS polarises the neurones, and modulates their ongoing firing pattern) both of them, when applied over the motor cortex, produce changes in cortical excitability which, in the case of tDCS can last up to 90 min Paulus, 2000, 2001;Fitzgerald et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation and upper extremity rehabilitation in stroke: A review and meta-analysis

Triccas

Burridge

Hughes

et al. 2016

Clinical Neurophysiology

108

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h i g h l i g h t stDCS and rehabilitation had small non-significant effect on upper extremity impairments. Varied tDCS and rehabilitation programmes were identified in selected studies. Future research needs to further analyse tDCS and therapy interventions in stroke. a b s t r a c tObjective: To systematically review the methodology in particular treatment options and outcomes and the effect of multiple sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with rehabilitation programmes for upper extremity recovery post stroke. Methods: A search was conducted for randomised controlled trials involving tDCS and rehabilitation for the upper extremity in stroke. Quality of included studies was analysed using the Modified Downs and Black form. The extent of, and effect of variation in treatment parameters such as anodal, cathodal and bi-hemispheric tDCS on upper extremity outcome measures of impairment and activity were analysed using meta-analysis. Results: Nine studies (371 participants with acute, sub-acute and chronic stroke) were included. Different methodologies of tDCS and upper extremity intervention, outcome measures and timing of assessments were identified. Real tDCS combined with rehabilitation had a small non-significant effect of +0.11 (p = 0.44) and +0.24 (p = 0.11) on upper extremity impairments and activities at post-intervention respectively. Conclusion: Various tDCS methods have been used in stroke rehabilitation. The evidence so far is not statistically significant, but is suggestive of, at best, a small beneficial effect on upper extremity impairment. Significance: Future research should focus on which patients and rehabilitation programmes are likely to respond to different tDCS regimes.

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience – virtual lesion, chronometry, and functional connectivity

Cited by 826 publications

References 39 publications

Empirical approaches to the study of language evolution

Empirical approaches to the study of language evolution

Inducing out-of-body experiences

Multiple sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation and upper extremity rehabilitation in stroke: A review and meta-analysis

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