Transcranial direct current stimulation does not improve performance in a whole-body movement task

Abstract

Research has investigated the use of non-invasive brain interventions, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), to enhance motor learning and rehabilitation. Much research has shown that tDCS improves motor learning and that bilateral tDCS is more beneficial than unilateral tDCS in improving motor learning. However, past research has primarily utilised simple motor tasks in measuring motor skill learning. These are not ecologically reliable as whole-body movement is required for everyday activities. This study involved two experiments. Each experiment involved participants learning 12 Ballroom and Latin dance moves whilst undergoing tDCS. All participants underwent three sessions of tDCS, (unilateral, bilateral and sham), over three consecutive days. Participants in the first experiment (n=30) had stimulation to the primary motor cortex (PMC) and those in the second experiment (n=31) had stimulation to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). In each experiment, a baseline was taken before the training sessions and two outcome measures were taken; a day after the last training session and two weeks later. In each testing session participants’ dance ability was measured. Our results showed that bilateral tDCS impaired performance in both experiments. Unilateral stimulation impaired performance in the first experiment, and did not significantly improve performance any better than the sham stimulation in the second experiment. These results suggest that task complexity plays a crucial role when tDCS procedures are used to modulate motor performance and highlights possible limitations of tDCS in practice.

Cognitive flexibility and emotional self‐regulation of the elderly with Empty nest syndrome: Benefits of acceptance and commitment therapy

“…17 However, people with low emotional self-regulation suffer from feelings of selfdoubt, loss of control and failure. 18 Previous research has shown the relationship between emotional self-regulation with psychological well-being and emotional-social adjustment, 19 depression and anxiety. 20 Since cognitive flexibility and emotional self-regulation are among the components that can have a significant impact on the psychological health and psychological well-being of the elderly with ENS and can increase their adjusting, paying attention to solutions of increasing self-regulation and flexibility is of great importance, emphasizing on providing psychological plans.…”

“…17 However, people with low emotional self‐regulation suffer from feelings of self‐doubt, loss of control and failure. 18 Previous research has shown the relationship between emotional self‐regulation with psychological well‐being and emotional‐social adjustment, 19 depression and anxiety. 20 …”