Transcending the "Here": The Effect of Spatial Distance on Social Judgment.

Henderson, Marlone D.; Fujita, Kentaro; Trope, Yaacov; Liberman, Nira

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.845

Cited by 230 publications

(197 citation statements)

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“…Similarly, distant activities tend to be described in abstract terms and near future activities in concrete terms (Liberman & Trope, 1998). Research suggests that the remaining aspects of psychological distance have a similar effect on mental associations (e.g., Fujita, Henderson, Eng, Trope, & Liberman, 2006a;Henderson, Fujita, Trope, & Liberman, 2006;Libby & Eibach, 2002;Todorov, Goren, & Trope, 2007;Wakslak, Trope, Liberman, & Alony, 2006). For example, Henderson et al (2006) found that under spatially distant conditions participants formed more abstract representations of behaviour rather than focusing on specific actions.…”

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confidence: 86%

“…Research suggests that the remaining aspects of psychological distance have a similar effect on mental associations (e.g., Fujita, Henderson, Eng, Trope, & Liberman, 2006a;Henderson, Fujita, Trope, & Liberman, 2006;Libby & Eibach, 2002;Todorov, Goren, & Trope, 2007;Wakslak, Trope, Liberman, & Alony, 2006). For example, Henderson et al (2006) found that under spatially distant conditions participants formed more abstract representations of behaviour rather than focusing on specific actions. In terms of hypotheticality, Todorov et al (2007) found that participants assigned greater weight to abstract desirability concerns (as opposed to concrete feasibility) when deciding to enter lotteries with low probabilities (i.e., distance chance) versus high probabilities (i.e., near certainty).…”

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confidence: 98%

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Recycling today, sustainability tomorrow: Effects of psychological distance on behavioural practice

Schill

Shaw

2016

European Management Journal

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Much research has reported an attitude-behaviour gap in ecological behaviours. This research seeks to contribute important insights to this literature through a study that uses construal level theory (CLT) to understand the role and impact of psychological distance in explaining sustainable and recycling behaviours. Using a qualitative approach, the research found that consistency between mental construal and all dimensions of psychological distance was pertinent to recycling and sustainable behaviours. While theoretically CLT suggests there should be consistency across psychological distance dimensions and mental construal, there is limited research that explores all distance dimensions. Further, highlighted was the need for a near distance perspective to move individuals to behavioural action. Contrary to previous research, this served to facilitate rather than inhibit behavioural action. Finally, the results suggest that where sustainable behaviours are facilitated and/or required engagement in behaviour can be increased. These findings are important for public policy by highlighting the need to represent recycling behaviour in terms of temporal, spatial, social and hypothetical closeness. IntroductionResearch has consistently revealed widespread awareness and concern for ecological issues in a consumer context (e.g., Kilbourne & Beckmann, 1998;Polonsky, Vocino, Grau, Garma, & Ferdous, 2012;Rondinelli & Berry, 2000;Szekely & Knirsch, 2005;Steger, 2000;Van Wijk & Persoon, 2006). However, researchers are also challenged by the gap between ecological attitudes and corresponding behaviour (e.g., Carrigan & Attalla, 2001;Moraes, Carrigan & Szmigin, 2012;Papaoikonomou, Ryan, & Ginieis, 2011;Young, Hwang, McDonald, & Oates, 2010) across a range of sustainable behaviours, including recycling (e.g., Kok & Siero, 1985;Nigbur, Evanthia, & Uzzell, 2010).Sustainability and recycling behaviour are interrelated, with recycling viewed as a key issue in sustainability (Fuller, Allen, & Glaser, 1996) and dominantly as a proenvironmental consumer behaviour (e.g., Barr & Gilg, 2005;Steg & Vlek, 2009;Welfens, Nordmann, & Seibt, 2015). As such, we understand recycling, among others, as a behaviour that may offer one fruitful pathway to a more sustainable consumer society. The Brundtland report defines sustainability as "a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (Brundtland Report, 1987, 1). Here we find a discourse which seeks to motivate individuals' consumption via future-oriented arguments, where some present inconvenience is associated with long-term benefits to others.Recycling is part of this discourse. Recycling "involves systematically converting specific types of waste into useful resources by breaking down objects into their 3 constituent parts, which are then reused" (Brosius, Fernandez, & Cherrier, 2013, 288).Engaging in recycling now should have future benefits. Questioned, however, is the extent to which this "future-for-...

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confidence: 86%

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confidence: 98%

Recycling today, sustainability tomorrow: Effects of psychological distance on behavioural practice

Schill

Shaw

2016

European Management Journal

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“…We note, however, that the association of trait attributions with social distance is speculative in our study, as we did not measure social distance directly. Nevertheless, the link between trait attributions and distance is empirically well supported by multiple studies showing that humans tend to make more trait attributions for people who are more psychologically, socially, and physically remote (Henderson, Fujita, Trope, & Liberman, 2006;Nussbaum et al, 2003;Nussbaum, Liberman, & Trope, 2006;Rim, Uleman, & Trope, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Aversive smell associations shape social judgment

Homan

Yuan

Brosch

et al. 2017

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

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a b s t r a c tOnce associating another person with an unpleasant smell, how do we perceive and judge this person from that moment on? Here, we used aversive olfactory conditioning followed by a social attribution task during functional magnetic resonance imaging to address this question. After conditioning, where one of two faces was repeatedly paired with an aversive smell, the participants reported negative affect when viewing the smell-conditioned but not the neutral face. When subsequently confronted with the smell-conditioned face (without any smell), the participants tended to judge both positive and negative behaviors as indicative of personality traits rather than related to the situation. This effect was predicted by the degree of the preceding olfactory evaluative conditioning. Whole brain analysis of stimulus by stage interaction indicated differential activation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and right angular gyrus to the conditioned versus the neutral person during the attribution phase only. These results suggest that negative smell associations do not simply induce a negative perception of the target person but rather bias the attribution style towards trait attributions. The fact that this bias was evident regardless of behavior valence suggests it may reflect enhanced psychological distance. Thus, the known observation of social rejection triggered by aversive smell may be driven by a shift in social attribution style.

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“…When attempting to predict near term behavior, they asked their partners situational questions like, "Are you hard working when it comes to studying?" This tendency to focus on traits at a distance was also demonstrated in a series of experiments by Henderson, Fujita, Trope and Liberman (2006). In their experiments, students were more likely to consider situational constraints when evaluating the behavior of a geographically proximal student than one who was geographically distant, even when exactly the same information was available about the near and distant student.…”

Section: Proposition 2: There Will Be Less Variance In Perceptions Ofmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…In a related experiment, Henderson, Fujita, Trope and Liberman (2006) showed that students were more likely to predict that distant others (NYU students visiting a campus in Italy) would behave in a prototypical fashion than more proximal others (NYU students at the New York campus).…”

Section: Construal Of Geographically-distant Team Members Over Timementioning

confidence: 99%

Extending Construal Level Theory to Distributed Teams: Perception and Evaluation of Distant Others

2009

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Building on prior research on distributed teams that has identified physical and temporal distance as impediments to collaboration and relationship development, this paper explores how and why we treat geographically distant others differently from those who are proximal. According to construal level theory, physically-or temporally-distant events or objects are more psychologically distant and are more likely to be described in terms of their more general characteristics, while views of more proximal events or objects will be more detailed and nuanced. We extend construal level theory to the distributed team context by advancing propositions about how group members perceive and evaluate distant others in contrast to proximal others. By comparing to alternative computermediated communication and social psychological theories that have been applied to this phenomenon, we show that construal level theory offers parsimonious explanations as well as novel predictions about how and why we perceive and evaluate distant others differently. The paper then considers theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of construal level theory for distributed teams and other virtual settings.Extending construal level theory 3 Although these theories provide insights into the perception and evaluation of geographicallydistant others in distributed teams, we suggest such effects are driven by a fundamental cognitive difference in how individuals view distant and proximal stimuli of any sort (including people). EXTENDING CONSTRUAL LEVEL THEORY TO DISTRIBUTED TEAMS: PERCEPTION AND EVALUATION OF DISTANT OTHERSConstrual level theory proposes that individuals mentally construe events, objects or people that are psychologically near in terms of low-level, detailed and contextualized features, whereas they construe distant events, objects or people in terms of high-level, abstract and stable characteristics (Liberman & Trope 1998;Trope, Liberman & Wakslak 2007). In this paper, we extend construal level theory to parsimoniously explain phenomena observed in prior research on distributed teams.We show how this single theory can account for disparate observations and allow us to predict effects that have not been systematically anticipated.In the following sections, we review prior research and theory on construal level theory; offer predictions about the perception and evaluation of geographically-distant others in the context of distributed teams; discuss alternative explanations to these predictions; and examine the theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of construal level theory for the distributed team context. Construal Level TheoryConstrual level theory explains the connection between distance and levels of abstraction that people make in everyday cognition, such as perception of a distant event or evaluation of a new product ). In their original formulation, Liberman and Trope (1998) created and tested a theory of temporal construal in which distant future situations are construed at a higher leve...

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Transcending the "Here": The Effect of Spatial Distance on Social Judgment.

Cited by 230 publications

References 62 publications

Recycling today, sustainability tomorrow: Effects of psychological distance on behavioural practice

Recycling today, sustainability tomorrow: Effects of psychological distance on behavioural practice

Aversive smell associations shape social judgment

Extending Construal Level Theory to Distributed Teams: Perception and Evaluation of Distant Others

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