Transboundary Pollution in the New Legally Binding Instrument under the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea: The case for anthropogenic underwater noise

Reeve, Lora L. Nordtvedt

doi:10.23919/oceans40490.2019.8962803

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…As a result, the effects of AUN in the territory of one country may have detrimental effects on another country's territory or areas of the global commons. Therefore, AUN can be regarded as a form of transboundary pollution in the marine environment [28]. Moreover, the transboundary nature of AUN can be observed in ship-generated AUN, where the state of origin is often the flag state, and the state likely to be affected could be a coastal state, port state, or third state.…”

Section: The Nature Of Anthropogenic Underwater Noisementioning

confidence: 99%

Further Development of the Law of the Sea Convention in the Anthropocene Era: The Case of Anthropogenic Underwater Noise

Maruf

Chang

2023

Sustainability

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Anthropogenic underwater noise (AUN) is a growing concern for governments and international institutions around the world. This emerging issue signifies a rapid environmental change and raises questions about the applicability and effectiveness of current instruments. A key question to be addressed is whether the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) can address the challenges posed by AUN. While AUN is not explicitly mentioned in the UNCLOS, this article argues that some of its provisions are applicable to the problem. Part XII of the UNCLOS is proposed as a governing framework for protecting the marine environment from AUN. As a result, several options are presented to strengthen the regulation of AUN under the UNCLOS, including the adoption of a new implementing agreement, addressing AUN through the existing implementation agreement, and regulating through the rules of references.

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Section: The Nature Of Anthropogenic Underwater Noisementioning

confidence: 99%

Further Development of the Law of the Sea Convention in the Anthropocene Era: The Case of Anthropogenic Underwater Noise

Maruf

Chang

2023

Sustainability

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“…Activities required for the removal of MMS, such as cutting, may increase underwater noise levels, and therefore, have the potential to impact sensitive species (Hall et al, 2022). Furthermore, it is known that both the presence of vessels and the noise generated by them have adverse effects on marine mammals and fish during the construction phase of MMS (Reeve, 2019;Benhemma-Le Gall et al, 2021). Considering that heavy-lifting vessels are required for the removal of MMS (Tan et al, 2021), similar impacts from vessels may also arise during the decommissioning phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterising Underwater Noise and Changes in Harbour Porpoise Behaviour During the Decommissioning of an Oil and Gas Platform

Fernandez-Betelu,

Graham,

Malcher

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Ambient noise in the marine environment has increased since the 1950s due to the rise of human activities at sea (Frisk, 2012). In response to the heightened concerns about the potential impacts of noise on marine life, many countries have reached international agreements to monitor underwater noise levels (Van der Graaf et al, 2012;OSPAR, 2017;Reeve, 2019). In Europe, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) requires Member States to avoid sound sources that are likely to cause significant impact in the marine environment (Tasker et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Far-Field Effects of Impulsive Noise on Coastal Bottlenose Dolphins

et al. 2021

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Increasing levels of anthropogenic underwater noise have caused concern over their potential impacts on marine life. Offshore renewable energy developments and seismic exploration can produce impulsive noise which is especially hazardous for marine mammals because it can induce auditory damage at shorter distances and behavioral disturbance at longer distances. However, far-field effects of impulsive noise remain poorly understood, causing a high level of uncertainty when predicting the impacts of offshore energy developments on marine mammal populations. Here we used a 10-year dataset on the occurrence of coastal bottlenose dolphins over the period 2009–2019 to investigate far-field effects of impulsive noise from offshore activities undertaken in three different years. Activities included a 2D seismic survey and the pile installation at two offshore wind farms, 20–75 km from coastal waters known to be frequented by dolphins. We collected passive acoustic data in key coastal areas and used a Before-After Control-Impact design to investigate variation in dolphin detections in areas exposed to different levels of impulsive noise from these offshore activities. We compared dolphin detections at two temporal scales, comparing years and days with and without impulsive noise. Passive acoustic data confirmed that dolphins continued to use the impact area throughout each offshore activity period, but also provided evidence of short-term behavioral responses in this area. Unexpectedly, and only at the smallest temporal scale, a consistent increase in dolphin detections was observed at the impact sites during activities generating impulsive noise. We suggest that this increase in dolphin detections could be explained by changes in vocalization behavior. Marine mammal protection policies focus on the near-field effects of impulsive noise; however, our results emphasize the importance of investigating the far-field effects of anthropogenic disturbances to better understand the impacts of human activities on marine mammal populations.

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Transboundary Pollution in the New Legally Binding Instrument under the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea: The case for anthropogenic underwater noise

Cited by 5 publications

References 3 publications

Further Development of the Law of the Sea Convention in the Anthropocene Era: The Case of Anthropogenic Underwater Noise

Further Development of the Law of the Sea Convention in the Anthropocene Era: The Case of Anthropogenic Underwater Noise

Characterising Underwater Noise and Changes in Harbour Porpoise Behaviour During the Decommissioning of an Oil and Gas Platform

Far-Field Effects of Impulsive Noise on Coastal Bottlenose Dolphins

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