Transatlantic Telephone Cable System - Planning and Over-All Performance

Mottram, E. T.; Halsey, R.J.; Emling, J. W.; Griffith, R. G.

doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1957.tb03841.x

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The shallow-water Nova Scotia-Newfoundland link used British Post Office rigid repeaters with a single cable. With this arrangement, progress was made in the areas of large-scale deepwater installation, long-haul system design, and rigid repeater experience (Mottram et al, 1957).…”

Section: Early Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Technology in Undersea Cable Systems: 50 Years of Progress

Thomas¹,

Rapp²,

Spalding³

et al. 2015

mar technol soc j

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A B S T R A C TUndersea cable systems provide a comprehensive example of how technology has changed during the 50-year publication history of the MTS Journal. From the 125-μm-diameter glass optical fiber to the 12,000-ton cable ships, the design, manufacture, and installation of undersea communication systems rely on a remarkable intersection of technologies. The technologies supporting this industry have progressed significantly in many aspects. In 1965, coaxial analog systems were transmitting 128 three-kilohertz channels that were amplified by vacuumtube-based amplifiers for consortiums of national telephone companies over simple point-to-point links. Today, a fiber-optic cable transmits 10 million times as much traffic, that is, tens of terabits of information per second, amplified by reliable erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, as part of mesh networks serving datacom, offshore oil and gas facilities, and scientific applications, each under a variety of ownership and operational models. Installation technology has changed along with the transmission technology, with advances in cable route surveys, ship positioning, cable burial, and use of remotely operated vehicles. System maintenance has become a much more practical endeavor since the advent of universal joint technologies and methodologies. Wet-mateable fiber-optic connectors enable remote, modular, subsea connection scenarios that serve a variety of applications. This paper reviews some of the history and evolution of the technology used in undersea cable systems and addresses future industry trends.

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Section: Early Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Technology in Undersea Cable Systems: 50 Years of Progress

Thomas¹,

Rapp²,

Spalding³

et al. 2015

mar technol soc j

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Deep in the earth the temperature may reach 5000°K at depths of 2000 km [ 6 ] , but the kTB value changes only by 12 db, and even this noise could not reach the underground antenna because of absorptive attenuation in the highly conducting region at the greater depths. I t is worth noting, though far from conclusive, that noise from undersea sources has not been a problem on the transatlantic telephone cable system [28], [29].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Very-low-frequency propagation below the bottom of the sea

Mott

Biggs²

1963

IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat.

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In the search for extremely reliable electromagnetic communication to submerged submarines, the question arose, * "What is the effect of the roughness and irregularity of the sea surface on the propagation of electromagnetic waves?" The purpose of this investigation is to obtain an engineering-understanding of the effect of the rough air-sea interface on electromagnetic signals used in communication to submerged submarines. The frequency of the electromagnetic wave is restricted to the3 ELF or VLF range. In the initial part of the investi-gaticin, the sea surface is assumed to .be a two-dimensional (constant in one variable or direction) sinusoidal surface; later a doubly,(three.-dimensional) sinusoidal surface is considered. The source of electromagnetic energy is assumed-to be a plane wave with arbitrary direction of propagation and: polarization. The fields on the air side of the sea surface are com-pited.with the aid of the assumptions that the sea is a p-ect .electric conductor and that the sea surface is only-sg+Eghtly-rough (,i.e., the maximum slope of the sea surface q-tis uch less than 1). The integral equations governing the tangential magnetic fields are formulated and solved. These-solutions show a variation of the tangential magnetic field '(of the otder of 2 db. frn the flat surface case) depending '7 .i I on polarization and direction of propagation of the incident plane wave. The fields in the sea are computed by assuming the tangential magnetic field is continuous through the air-sea interface. The method used in these calculations is a numerical one based on finite differences. Both from the numerical solutions and a heuristic theory of propagation in the sea, it is seen that the perturbation of the fields caused by the roughness of the sea surface decays rapidly with depth if the sea wave wavelength is less than or the order of magnitude of the skin depth of the sea at the frequency considered; if the sea wave wavelength is many orders of magnitude larger than the skin depth, there is little decay (at the depths considered) of the perturbation, so that the phase and amplitude of the fields in the sea vary with the height of the sea vert±cally above them.

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Coaxial Cable Systems for Land and Sea

Tuttle

1982

Innovations in Telecommunications

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Transatlantic Telephone Cable System - Planning and Over-All Performance

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Technology in Undersea Cable Systems: 50 Years of Progress

Technology in Undersea Cable Systems: 50 Years of Progress

Very-low-frequency propagation below the bottom of the sea

Coaxial Cable Systems for Land and Sea

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