“…The incidence of renal artery pseudoaneurysm in patient with hypertension unresponsive to medical therapy can be as high as 39% ( 6) the etiologies of pseudoaneurysm are long standing untreated hypertension, surgical manipulation (open, laparoscopic, and/or endovascular) blunt and penetrating trauma, infectious angiomyolipomas (i.e., mycotic) ,polyarteritis nodosa , malignancy, radiation, and/or cyclophosphamide use (7,8). The risk of rupture is thought to vary inversely with size, and most investigators agree that an aneurysm exceeding 2 cm is more likely to undergo rupture and interventions are indicated in pseudoaneurysms greater than 2 cm, or when associated with complications such as severe hemorrhage and renovascular hypertension.…”