Trans-Species Polymorphism in Immune Genes: General Pattern or MHC-Restricted Phenomenon?

Těšický, Martin; Vinkler, Michal

doi:10.1155/2015/838035

Cited by 56 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 118 publications

(165 reference statements)

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“…Two mechanisms are thought to be responsible for the trans-specific similarity of MHC genes: convergent evolution [93] and trans-species polymorphism [95, 96]. Evidence of trans-species polymorphism in bats was reported in both Myotis spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this clustering was no longer observed by analyzing full-length exon 2. Observation of trans-species polymorphism within bat families (e.g., Phyllostomidae) strengthens the scenario of independent modes of evolution of MHC DRB alleles, allowing balancing selection to retain substantial allelic lineages before speciation events [95, 96]. Extended periods of host–pathogen coevolution is thought to contribute to trans-species polymorphism given that host-sharing pathogens and exposure to similar pathogen pressures are believed to induce similar changes in different host species [97].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial pattern of genetic diversity and selection in the MHC class II DRB of three Neotropical bat species

et al. 2016

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BackgroundAlthough bats are natural reservoirs of many pathogens, few studies have been conducted on the genetic variation and detection of selection in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. These genes are critical for resistance and susceptibility to diseases, and host–pathogen interactions are major determinants of their extensive polymorphism. Here we examined spatial patterns of diversity of the expressed MHC class II DRB gene of three sympatric Neotropical bats, Carollia perspicillata and Desmodus rotundus (Phyllostomidae), and Molossus molossus (Molossidae), all of which use the same environments (e.g., forests, edge habitats, urban areas). Comparison with neutral marker (mtDNA D-loop) diversity was performed at the same time.ResultsTwenty-three DRB alleles were identified in 19 C. perspicillata, 30 alleles in 35 D. rotundus and 20 alleles in 28 M. molossus. The occurrence of multiple DRB loci was found for the two Phyllostomidae species. The DRB polymorphism was high in all sampling sites and different signatures of positive selection were detected depending on the environment. The patterns of DRB diversity were similar to those of neutral markers for C. perspicillata and M. molossus. In contrast, these patterns were different for D. rotundus for which a geographical structure was highlighted. A heterozygote advantage was also identified for this species. No recombination or gene conversion event was found and phylogenetic relationships showed a trans-species mode of evolution in the Phyllostomids.ConclusionsThis study of MHC diversity demonstrated the strength of the environment and contrasting pathogen pressures in shaping DRB diversity. Differences between positively selected sites identified in bat species highlighted the potential role of gut microbiota in shaping immune responses. Furthermore, multiple geographic origins and/or population admixtures observed in C. perspicillata and M. molossus populations acted as an additional force in shaping DRB diversity. In contrast, DRB diversity of D. rotundus was shaped by environment rather than demographic history.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0802-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial pattern of genetic diversity and selection in the MHC class II DRB of three Neotropical bat species

et al. 2016

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“…TSP refers to the retention of identical or similar alleles in closely related species (Klein, Sato, Nagl, & O'hUigín, ). Patterns of TSP have been heavily documented in the MHC of multiple taxa due to balancing selection maintaining beneficial alleles within populations (Těšický & Vinkler, ). Within amphibians, cases of TSP in the MHC have been described in Lithobates spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of immunogenetics, sex and body condition on the cutaneous microbial communities of two giant salamanders

2018

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The complex association between hosts and microbial symbionts requires the implementation of multiple approaches to evaluate variation in host physiology. Within amphibians, heterogeneity in immunogenetic traits and cutaneous microbiota is associated with variation in disease resistance. Ozark (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi) and eastern hellbenders (C. a. alleganiensis) provide a model system to assess variation in host traits and microbial communities. Ozark hellbenders have experienced declines throughout their range, are federally endangered and experience wound retardation that is absent in the eastern subspecies. Previous microbial investigations indicate differentiation in the composition of the skin microbiota of both hellbender subspecies, but it is not clear whether these patterns are concurrent with diversity in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. We characterized the MHC IIB and the skin microbiota of hellbenders in Missouri, where both subspecies co-occur though not sympatric. We compared the microbiota composition and MHC diversity between both subspecies and investigated whether individual-level MHC diversity, sex and body condition were associated with microbiota composition. Overall, MHC IIB diversity was lower in Ozark hellbenders compared to the eastern subspecies. Multivariate statistical comparisons identified microbiota differentiation between Ozark and eastern hellbenders. MHC IIB allele presence/absence, allele divergence, body composition and sex defined grouping of hellbender microbiotas within populations. Differentiation of the cutaneous microbiotas and MHC IIB genes between eastern and Ozark hellbenders suggests that differences exist in immunity between the two subspecies. This study demonstrates how simultaneous assessments of host genetic traits and microbiotas can inform patterns of microbial community structure in natural systems.

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“…; Karasov et al . ; Těšický & Vinkler ). Many studies using experimental evolution on bacteria have demonstrated that emerging polymorphisms can arise, evolve and reach metastable equilibria (Turner et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear frequency‐dependent selection promotes long‐term coexistence between bacteria species

et al. 2019

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Negative frequency‐dependent selection (NFDS) is an important mechanism for species coexistence and for the maintenance of genetic polymorphism. Long‐term coexistence nevertheless requires NFDS interactions to be resilient to further evolution of the interacting species or genotypes. For closely related genotypes, NFDS interactions have been shown to be preserved through successive rounds of evolution in coexisting lineages. On the contrary, the evolution of NFDS interactions between distantly related species has received less attention. Here, we tracked the co‐evolution of Escherichia coli and Citrobacter freundii that initially differ in their ecological characteristics. We showed that these two bacterial species engaged in an NFDS interaction particularly resilient to further evolution: despite a very strong asymmetric rate of adaptation, their coexistence was maintained owing to an NFDS pattern where fitness increases steeply as the frequency decreases towards zero. Using a model, we showed how and why such NFDS pattern can emerge. These findings provide a robust explanation for the long‐term maintenance of species at very low frequencies.

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Trans-Species Polymorphism in Immune Genes: General Pattern or MHC-Restricted Phenomenon?

Cited by 56 publications

References 118 publications

Spatial pattern of genetic diversity and selection in the MHC class II DRB of three Neotropical bat species

Spatial pattern of genetic diversity and selection in the MHC class II DRB of three Neotropical bat species

Influence of immunogenetics, sex and body condition on the cutaneous microbial communities of two giant salamanders

Nonlinear frequency‐dependent selection promotes long‐term coexistence between bacteria species

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