Background: Tele-mentoring facilitates the transfer of surgical knowledge. The objective of this work is to develop a tele-mentoring framework that enables a specialist surgeon to mentor an operating surgeon by transferring information in a form of surgical instruments' motion required during a minimally invasive surgery.
Method:A tele-mentoring framework is developed to transfer video stream of the surgical field, poses of the scope and port placement from the operating room to a remote location. From the remote location, the motion of virtual surgical instruments augmented onto the surgical field is sent to the operating room.
Results:The proposed framework is suitable to be integrated with laparoscopic as well as robotic surgeries. It takes on average 1.56 s to send information from the operating room to the remote location and 0.089 s for vice versa over a local area network.
Conclusions:The work demonstrates a tele-mentoring framework that enables a specialist surgeon to mentor an operating surgeon during a minimally invasive surgery.
K E Y W O R D Saugmented reality, minimally invasive surgeries, tele-mentoring, telemedicine
| INTRODUCTIONAs surgery has evolved from open to minimally invasive, the framework of tele-mentoring technologies has largely remained the same. [1][2][3] It still involves basic exchange of audio and annotated video messages, and lacks augmentation of information pertaining to surgical tool motion and tool-tissue interaction. 4,5 In an operating room setup of minimally invasive surgery (MIS), the surgeon operates on a patient using surgical instruments inserted through small incisions. These surgical instruments can either be manually operated (such as laparoscopic instruments) or robotically actuated.Along with instruments, a scope (camera) is also inserted inside the patient's body to visualise the interaction of surgical instruments' tooltips with the tissue. In the case of manual MIS, the surgeon This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.