Trans-acting siRNA-mediated repression of ETTIN and ARF4 regulates heteroblasty in<i>Arabidopsis</i>

Hunter, Christine; Willmann, Matthew R.; Wu, Gang; Yoshikawa, Manabu; Gutiérrez-Nava, María de la Luz; Poethig, R. Scott

doi:10.1242/dev.02491

Cited by 330 publications

(352 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The observation that neither single mutant is capable of completely suppressing the phenotype of zip suggests that both genes contribute to this phenotype, and that they have similar, but not identical, functions in leaf development. This conclusion is also supported by the observation that the level of ARF3 mRNA necessary to replicate the phenotype of zip (in plants transformed with 35S::ARF3) is considerably higher than the level of ARF3 mRNA in zip mutants (Hunter et al 2006).…”

Section: Biogenesis Of Ta-sirnasmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…TAS3 produces a ta-siRNA (tasi-ARF) that targets members of the ARF family of auxin-related transcription factors Williams et al 2005). Two of the targets of tasi-ARF-ETT/ARF3 and ARF4-are elevated in zip, sgs3, rdr6, and dcl4, and the precocious phenotype of these mutations is mimicked by transgenes that express a tasi-ARF-insensitive form of ETT/ARF3 (Fahlgren et al 2006;Hunter et al 2006). Additional evidence that ARF3 and ARF4 are responsible for the phenotype of zip, rdr6, sgs3, and dcl4 was provided by the isolation of loss-offunction mutations of these genes in a screen for secondsite suppressors of zip (Hunter et al 2006).…”

Section: Biogenesis Of Ta-sirnasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two of the targets of tasi-ARF-ETT/ARF3 and ARF4-are elevated in zip, sgs3, rdr6, and dcl4, and the precocious phenotype of these mutations is mimicked by transgenes that express a tasi-ARF-insensitive form of ETT/ARF3 (Fahlgren et al 2006;Hunter et al 2006). Additional evidence that ARF3 and ARF4 are responsible for the phenotype of zip, rdr6, sgs3, and dcl4 was provided by the isolation of loss-offunction mutations of these genes in a screen for secondsite suppressors of zip (Hunter et al 2006). We found that ett and arf4 partially suppress the phenotype of zip and rdr6, demonstrating that the wild-type alleles of these genes are necessary for the zip mutant phenotype.…”

Section: Biogenesis Of Ta-sirnasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mutations in ETT/ARF3 were originally identified because of their effects on carpel polarity (Sessions and Zambryski 1995;Sessions et al 1997). Subsequent studies showed that ETT/ARF3 and ARF4 regulate leaf polarity as well, probably in conjunction with the KAN family of transcription factors (Pekker et al 2005;Hunter et al 2006). Strong ett/arf3 mutations simplify the shape of spongy mesophyll cells in a manner similar to that of kan1, and ett/arf3 arf4 double mutants resemble kan1 kan2 double mutants.…”

Section: Biogenesis Of Ta-sirnasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Function of RNAi in Plant Development

Poethig

Perucatti²,

Yoshikawa³

et al. 2006

Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology

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The morphological phenotype of mutations in genes required for posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) or RNA interference (RNAi) in Arabidopsis demonstrates that this process is critical for normal development. One way in which RNAi contributes to gene regulation is through its involvement in the biogenesis of trans-acting small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). These endogenous siRNAs are derived from noncoding transcripts that are cleaved by a microRNA (miRNA) and mediate the silencing of protein-coding transcripts. Some protein-coding genes are also subject to miRNA-initiated transitive silencing. Several developmentally important transcription factors regulated by these silencing mechanisms have been identified.

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Section: Biogenesis Of Ta-sirnasmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Biogenesis Of Ta-sirnasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Biogenesis Of Ta-sirnasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Biogenesis Of Ta-sirnasmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Function of RNAi in Plant Development

Poethig

Perucatti²,

Yoshikawa³

et al. 2006

Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology

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“…ZIP/AGO7, SGS3, DCL4 and RDR6 (Hunter et al, 2006). These results implicate RDR6 in epigenetic regulation of genes that are involved in transcriptional control of plant development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase 6 Is Required for Efficient hpRNA-Induced Gene Silencing in Plants

Harmoko

Fanata

Yoo

et al. 2013

Molecules and Cells

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In plants, transgenes with inverted repeats are used to induce efficient RNA silencing, which is also frequently induced by highly transcribed sense transgenes. RNA silencing induced by sense transgenes is dependent on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6), which converts single-stranded (ss) RNA into double-stranded (ds) RNA. By contrast, it has been proposed that RNA silencing induced by self-complementary hairpin RNA (hpRNA) does not require RDR6, because the hpRNA can directly fold back on itself to form dsRNA. However, it is unclear whether RDR6 plays a role in hpRNA-induced RNA silencing by amplifying dsRNA to spread RNA silencing within the plant. To address the efficiency of hpRNA-induced RNA silencing in the presence or absence of RDR6, Wild type (WT, Col-0) and rdr6-11 Arabidopsis thaliana lines expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) were generated and transformed with a GFP-RNA interference (RNAi) construct. Whereas most GFP-RNAi-transformed WT lines exhibited almost complete silencing of GFP expression in the T1 generation, various levels of GFP expression remained among the GFP-RNAi-transformed rdr6-11 lines. Homozygous expression of GFP-RNAi in the T3 generation was not sufficient to induce complete GFP silencing in several rdr6-11 lines. Our results indicate that RDR6 is required for efficient hpRNA-induced RNA silencing in plants. INTRODUCTIONGene silencing is a mechanism that employs small RNAs and protein effectors to interfere with the expression of homologous genes at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels (Voinnet, 2008). Transcriptional gene silencing (TGS), which takes place through repression of transcription, is often associated with methylation of the corresponding homologous promoter (Neuhuber et al., 1994;Park et al., 1996). Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), occurring through sequencespecific degradation of target mRNAs, is characterized by accumulation of small interfering RNA (siRNA) and methylation of target gene sequences (Depicker and Montagu, 1997;Vaucheret et al., 2001). Gene silencing was first discovered in plants and is highly conserved among multicellular eukaryotes. It initiates with the formation of dsRNA, which is subsequently processed into siRNA. siRNAs are produced from dsRNAs by an RNase III-like enzyme called DICER, which has dsRNA-binding, RNA helicase and P-element-induced wimpy testes (PIWI)-Argonaute (AGO)-Zwille (PAZ) domains (Bernstein et al., 2001). Plants possess four DICER homologs: DCL1, DCL2, DCL3, and DCL4. DCL1 is responsible for producing various sizes of microRNAs (small RNAs encoded in the genome), whereas DCL2, DCL3, and DCL4 produce 22, 24, and 21 nucleotide (nt) siRNAs, respectively (Bartel, 2004;Dunoyer et al., 2005;Xie et al., 2004). The 24 nt siRNAs are reported to guide RNAdirected DNA methylation (RdDM) in plants (Wassenegger et al., 1994), whereas the 21 and 22 nt siRNAs are known to trigger cognate mRNA degradation and secondary siRNA biogenesis, respectively (Chen et al., 2010;Hamilton et al., 2002).The guide str...

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Control of Plant Organ Size

Egea‐Cortines

Weiß

2013

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Lateral aerial organs are produced from the primordia initiated in the shoot apical meristem. Early stages of lateral organ growth require cell division and a sharp transition occurs late in development towards a cell expansion‐based growth. A current hypothesis indicates that cytokinin signalling in meristematic cells is downregulated to allow differentiation. Increased local auxin levels promoting growth accompany this event. The later stage coincides with jasmonic acid signalling required for flower maturarion. Within one organism, lateral organs of the same type can change in size and shape during ontogeny, a feature called heteroblasty. The developmental programme leading to final organ size may be modulated by environmental cues including photoperiod, temperature and abiotic stress. These environmental signals are integrated into the morphogenetic programme allowing better adaptation as a result of developmental plasticity. Key Concepts: Initial growth of lateral organs requires the downregulation of cytokinins allowing morphogenesis and differentiation. Early developmental stages are characterised by cell division, whereas later stages show a rapid transition to growth caused by cell expansion. There seems to be a compensation mechanism at the organ size level allowing increased cell expansion when cell division is compromised and vice versa, giving as a result lower organ size variation. A given species may develop lateral organs differing in size and shape during development, a phenomenon called heteroblasty. A coordination between a basic growth programme and the timing of organ formation seems to be responsible for this phenomenon. Plant organ size is the result of an underlying genetic programme and the interaction with environmental conditions that fine tune the final size of an organ.

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Trans-acting siRNA-mediated repression of ETTIN and ARF4 regulates heteroblasty inArabidopsis

Cited by 330 publications

References 55 publications

The Function of RNAi in Plant Development

The Function of RNAi in Plant Development

RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase 6 Is Required for Efficient hpRNA-Induced Gene Silencing in Plants

Control of Plant Organ Size

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