Tram to Pedestrian Collisions—Priorities and Potentials

Lackner, Christian; Heinzl, Philipp; Rizzi, Matteo; Leo, Christoph; Schachner, Martin; Pokorny, Petr; Klager, Peter; Buetzer, David; Elvik, Rune; Linder, Astrid; Klug, Corina

doi:10.3389/ffutr.2022.913887

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…According to the reports from Swedish emergency hospital departments, femur and tibia fractures were the main form of lower limb injury for pedestrians in tram crashes [5], which is consistent with the findings of this paper. Additionally, Christine et al's study [17] identified instances where tibial accelerations surpassed safety thresholds, consistently exceeding femoral accelerations overall.…”

Section: Bone Fracture Severitysupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In particular, in the collision scenario with α = −90 • , there was not only the highest risk of brain contusion but also a high risk of facial bone fracture (including nasal and maxillary fractures) due to the direct action of the impact force on the face. This is also reflected in accident statistics, which show that 57 out of 554 tram-pedestrian collisions in Sweden between 2000 and 2021 involved facial fractures [5].…”

Section: Brain Contusion Severitymentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The growing tram network means that trams interact more frequently with other users, particularly pedestrians who are more vulnerable in traffic situations [4]. According to an analysis of accident statistics, a total of 7535 tram-pedestrian collision crashes occurred in Australia, Sweden, Switzerland, and Germany between 2000 and 2021, resulting in 8802 injuries or fatalities [5]. Based on 259 accident reports between 2000 and 2021 from Swedish emergency hospital departments, injuries to pedestrians in tram collisions were mainly represented by cerebrum injuries, cerebellum injuries, skull fractures, thorax internal organ injuries, rip fractures, pelvic fractures, femur fractures, and tibia fractures [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to an analysis of accident statistics, a total of 7535 tram-pedestrian collision crashes occurred in Australia, Sweden, Switzerland, and Germany between 2000 and 2021, resulting in 8802 injuries or fatalities [5]. Based on 259 accident reports between 2000 and 2021 from Swedish emergency hospital departments, injuries to pedestrians in tram collisions were mainly represented by cerebrum injuries, cerebellum injuries, skull fractures, thorax internal organ injuries, rip fractures, pelvic fractures, femur fractures, and tibia fractures [5]. Pedestrians face a higher risk of death when involved in tram collisions compared with automobile collisions at the same speed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the lower extremities, which are the main initial point of contact in collisions, often receive severe injuries, mostly in the form of knee dislocations, femur fractures, tibia fractures, etc. [5,8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Assessment of Pedestrians’ Head and Lower Limb Injuries in Tram–Pedestrian Collisions

Peng,

Hu,

Liu

et al. 2024

Biomimetics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Analysis of pedestrians’ head and lower limb injuries at the tissue level is lacking in studies of tram–pedestrian collisions. The purpose of this paper therefore to investigate the impact response process and severity of pedestrians’ injuries in tram–pedestrian collisions, using the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) pedestrian human body model together with the tram FE model. Two full-scale tram–pedestrian dummy crash tests were performed to validate the FE model, and the total correlation and analysis (CORA) score of head acceleration yielded values of 0.840 and 0.734, confirming a strong agreement between the FE-simulated head responses and the experimental head kinematics. The effects of different tram speeds and impact angles on pedestrians’ impact response injuries and the differences were further analyzed. The results indicate that direct impact of the lower limb with the tram’s obstacle deflector leads to lower limb bone shaft fractures and knee tissue damage. Neck fling contributed to worsened head injury. Coup contusions were the predominant type of brain contusion, surpassing contrecoup contusions, while diffuse axonal injury was mainly concentrated in the collision-side region of the brain. Pedestrians’ injuries are influenced by tram velocity and impact angle: higher tram velocities increase the risk of lower limb and head injuries. The risk of head injury for pedestrians is higher when the impact angle is negative, while lower limb injuries are more significant when the impact angle is 0°. This study provides practical guidance for enhancing tram safety and protecting pedestrians.

show abstract

Section: Bone Fracture Severitysupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Brain Contusion Severitymentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Assessment of Pedestrians’ Head and Lower Limb Injuries in Tram–Pedestrian Collisions

Peng,

Hu,

Liu

et al. 2024

Biomimetics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Trajectory Prediction Using Kalman Filter Method As Collision Risk Assessment On Autonomous Tram

Hermawati,

Anhari,

Trilaksono

et al. 2023

2023 14th International Conference on Information &Amp; Communication Technology and System (ICTS)

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Investigations on tram-pedestrian impacts by application of virtual testing with human body models

Lackner,

Heinzl,

Leo

et al. 2023

Eur. Transp. Res. Rev.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background In Austria around 100 trams are involved in accidents with pedestrians every year. Since the service lives of trams are very high, the probabilities are also high that each tram on the network will be involved in an accident of this kind at least once, highlighting the need of protective designs of tram fronts. However, due to lack of studies in this area, this is still a challenging task. Purpose The aim of this study is to show the applicability and the usability of virtual testing involving HBMs in tram front design studies to improve passive safety in general. Methodology In this study, the impact of pedestrians with a tram was investigated using a generic tram front model in a basic version and a conceptually improved version, respectively, and detailed finite element human body models (HBM). To consider gender-differences and to avoid designs that unintentionally favour only particular groups of the population, the study simulations were carried out with a male and a female 50th percentile finite element human body model (VIVA+). The risk for head, chest, femur and tibia injuries were analysed as the simulation result, since these body areas were identified based on field data to be most relevant in accidents involving pedestrians and trams. Collision scenarios are evaluated for a wide parameter variation in impact location and speed, respectively. Findings The results show a reduction in head injury risk for both the female and the male HBM at different speeds and impact locations for impact with the enhanced version of the tram front. Depending on the gender of the HBM, the considered improvement shows different effects for each body region, with a greater reduction in the likelihood of head injury for the female model, and a greater reduction in the likelihood of thoracic injury for the male model. These differences are due to the considered anthropomorphic variations. A reduction for the risk of femur injuries can be achieved in all cases using the modified tram front. The study showcases the application of detailed human body models for tram pedestrian impact analyses in the context of pedestrian safety and in particular for tram front improvements. It was shown that even a minor modification of the tram front with softer front skirt attachments leads to remarkable benefits with respect to injury criteria in all investigated crash scenarios. The presented research goes beyond current technical recommendations and shows the benefit of virtual testing including HBMs and considering a wide variety of impact speeds, anthropometries and injury assessments, respectively.

show abstract

Tram to Pedestrian Collisions—Priorities and Potentials

Cited by 3 publications

References 25 publications

Assessment of Pedestrians’ Head and Lower Limb Injuries in Tram–Pedestrian Collisions

Assessment of Pedestrians’ Head and Lower Limb Injuries in Tram–Pedestrian Collisions

Trajectory Prediction Using Kalman Filter Method As Collision Risk Assessment On Autonomous Tram

Investigations on tram-pedestrian impacts by application of virtual testing with human body models

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About