Trajectories of Racial Discrimination That Predict Problematic Alcohol Use Among African American Emerging Adults

Lee, Daniel B.; Heinze, Justin E.; Neblett, Enrique W.; Caldwell, Cleopatra Howard; Zimmerman, Marc A.

doi:10.1177/2167696817739022

Cited by 20 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 63 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Our study is not the first to document gender variations in the consequences of PRD. Researchers have found that the effects of PRD on several undesired mental health outcomes from psychological distress and depression to suicide and substance use differ by sex (31, 35, 36, 38). In addition to gender, socioeconomic status (23, 57, 58), racial identity (59), race socialization and self-esteem (60) also alter sensitivity to PRD, which is more commonly reported by high SES Blacks, particularly males who are in proximity of Whites (61–63).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The harmful effects of PRD, however, may vary by gender, with males being more vulnerable than females to the effects of PRD on depression and substance use (26, 31, 35–38) and females being more sensitive to the effects of PRD on other health behaviors, such as obesity and eating disorders (39). Some scholars have documented gender differences in experience and response to discriminatory events.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Perceived Racial Discrimination and Marijuana Use a Decade Later; Gender Differences Among Black Youth

et al. 2019

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Researchers have reported gender differences in the association between perceived racial discrimination (PRD) and substance use including marijuana use (MU). A limited number of longitudinal studies, however, have documented the long-term effect of PRD during adolescence on subsequent MU in young adulthood. Objective: In the current longitudinal study, we tested gender differences in the association between baseline PRD during adolescence and subsequent MU during young adulthood within Black population. Methods: A cohort of 595 Black (278 male and 317 female) ninth grade students were followed for 13 years from 1999 (mean age 20) to 2012 (mean age 33). Participants were selected from an economically disadvantaged urban area in the Midwest, United States. The independent variable was PRD measured in 1999. The outcome was average MU between 2000 and 2012 (based on eight measurements). Covariates included age, socio-demographics (family structure, and parental employment), and substance use by friends and parents. Gender was the focal moderator. Linear regression was used for statistical analysis. Results: In the pooled sample, PRD in 1999 was not associated with average MU between 2000 and 2012. We did, however, find an interaction effect between baseline PRD and gender on average MU, suggesting stronger association for males than females. In gender-specific models, baseline PRD predicted average MU between 2000 and 2012 for males, but not for females. Conclusion: Exposure to PRD during late adolescence may have a larger role on MU of male than female Black young adults. Although we found that males are more vulnerable to the effects of PRD on MU, PRD should be prevented regardless of race, gender, and other social identities. While PRD is pervasive among Black Americans, exposure to PRD increase the risk of MU for Black males. Hence, substance use prevention efforts for Black males, in particular, should emphasize coping with PRD.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Racial Discrimination and Marijuana Use a Decade Later; Gender Differences Among Black Youth

et al. 2019

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Until recently, research on perceived discrimination trajectories and mental health was concentrated mainly among adolescents and emerging adults ( 30 , 40–42 ), with limited studies among middle-aged and older adults ( 43 , 44 ). In a study of African American early adults (aged 18–21), three perceived discrimination trajectories (i.e., high-stable, low-increasing, and low-decreasing) were identified ( 41 ). African American men in the high-stable perceived discrimination trajectory reported more alcohol use than men in other trajectories ( 41 ).…”

Section: Background and Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a study of African American early adults (aged 18–21), three perceived discrimination trajectories (i.e., high-stable, low-increasing, and low-decreasing) were identified ( 41 ). African American men in the high-stable perceived discrimination trajectory reported more alcohol use than men in other trajectories ( 41 ). More importantly, findings from these studies have shown that membership in perceived discrimination trajectories is associated with unique health profiles ( 30 , 40–42 ).…”

Section: Background and Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Discrimination Trajectories and Depressive Symptoms Among Middle-Aged and Older Black Adults

White

Bell

Huang

et al. 2020

Innovation in Aging

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background and Objectives Perceived discrimination is a risk factor for poor mental health. However, most studies measure discrimination at one time point, which does not account for heterogeneity in the cumulative patterning of exposure to discrimination. To address this gap, we examine the association between discrimination trajectories and depressive symptoms among black middle-aged and older adults. Research Design and Methods Data were analyzed from a subsample of black Health and Retirement Study respondents (2006 – 2018, N = 2,926, 50+). General discrimination and racial discrimination trajectories were constructed based on the Everyday Discrimination Scale using repeated measures latent profile analyses. We examined the extent to which the association between discrimination trajectories are differentially associated with depressive symptoms (8-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression scale) using negative binomial regression models adjusted for potential confounders. Effect modification by age and gender was tested. Results Individuals in the persistently high (IRR: 1.70; 95% CI: 1.49, 1.95) and moderate general discrimination trajectories (IRR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.33), were more likely to have elevated depressive symptoms in comparison to those in the persistently low trajectory. This relationship was strongest among older adults aged 65+. Respondents in the persistently high racial discrimination trajectory (IRR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.29, 1.73) had higher risk of elevated depressive symptoms in comparison to respondents in the persistently low trajectory. Sensitivity analyses indicated that there was an independent association between persistently high racial discrimination trajectory class and elevated depressive symptoms, after adjusting for racial discrimination measured at a single time point. Discussion and Implications Characterizing longitudinal patterns of perceived discrimination may facilitate the stratification of mental health risk and vulnerability among black middle-aged and older adults. Trajectories of racial discrimination may inform risk of worse depressive symptoms more accurately than a single assessment of discrimination.

show abstract

“…Several researchers have reported on the negative effect of RD on intermediate health behaviors in older adolescents and emerging adults, including alcohol use (Metzger et al, 2018) and its related problems (e.g., physical consequences of excessive alcohol use; D. B. Lee et al, 2018).…”

Section: Racial Discrimination and Alcohol-related Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disrupting the Behavioral Health Consequences of Racial Discrimination: A Longitudinal Investigation of Racial Identity Profiles and Alcohol-Related Problems

et al. 2020

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Researchers have documented the negative associations between racial discrimination and alcohol use for young Black people, yet fewer researchers have examined these associations longitudinally and with racial identity as a protective factor. We use data from the Flint Adolescent Study (465 Black/African Americans) to investigate the relationship between discrimination and alcohol-related problems over time, and how that relationship differs with varying trajectories of racial identity (i.e., private and public regard). Among those reporting persistently moderate levels of private regard and high levels of public regard in late adolescence through emerging adulthood, increases in racial discrimination were associated with increases in alcohol-related problems over time. Findings suggest that regard for one’s racial group may function protectively in the health strategies employed in response to discriminatory events. More longitudinal research is needed to delineate how varying racial pride operates with regard to long-term discrimination and behavioral health.

show abstract

Trajectories of Racial Discrimination That Predict Problematic Alcohol Use Among African American Emerging Adults

Cited by 20 publications

References 63 publications

Perceived Racial Discrimination and Marijuana Use a Decade Later; Gender Differences Among Black Youth

Perceived Racial Discrimination and Marijuana Use a Decade Later; Gender Differences Among Black Youth

Perceived Discrimination Trajectories and Depressive Symptoms Among Middle-Aged and Older Black Adults

Disrupting the Behavioral Health Consequences of Racial Discrimination: A Longitudinal Investigation of Racial Identity Profiles and Alcohol-Related Problems

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About