Trajectories of energy intake distribution and subsequent risk of hyperglycemia among Chinese adults: findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1997–2018)

Song, Xiaoyun; Wang, Huijun; Su, Chang; Wang, Zhihong; Du, Wenwen; Hu, Haojie; Huang, Feifei; Zhang, Jiguo; Jia, Xiaofang; Jiang, Hongru; Yu, Ouyang; Li, Li; Bai, Jing; Zhang, Xiaofan; Ding, Gangqiang; Zhang, Bing

doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02745-3

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Emerging research has suggested that shift workers may redistribute their EI when working on non‐day shifts (Flanagan et al, 2020). Previous studies have revealed that higher EI during nighttime was significantly associated with obesity (Raynor et al, 2018), hyperglycemia (Song et al, 2021) and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (Almoosawi et al, 2013). However, the upper limit of high EI from meals or snacking remains unclear in the literature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Snacking among shiftwork nurses related to non‐optimal dietary intake

Lin

Guo

Gordon

et al. 2022

Journal of Advanced Nursing

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Aims:To compare nurses' non-optimal eating behaviours across different shifts, to examine whether non-day shifts were related to deviation from optimal dietary behaviours compared with day shifts and whether such deviation was related to nonoptimal macronutrient intake.Design: This is a 4-day intensive longitudinal study. Methods:A convenience sample of hospital nurses was recruited in Taiwan. From September 2018 through January 2019, 120 participants completed 4-days of 24-h dietary recalls. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis H test were used to compare differences in energy and macronutrient intake and frequency of meals and snacking, respectively. Generalized linear regressions examined (1) the associations between shiftwork schedules and non-optimal eating behaviours and (2) associations between non-optimal eating and high energy contribution of non-optimal macronutrients.Results: Nurses consumed less energy on evening and night shifts compared with day shifts. However, energy intake from snacking was higher on evening and night shifts relative to day shifts. Nurses consumed less meals but had higher snacking frequency on non-day shifts. In addition, high energy intake from snacking was positively associated with high energy intake from saturated fat. Conclusions:Nurses were more likely to have non-optimal eating behaviours on nonday shifts, which may contribute to an increased intake of saturated fat; thus, increasing their risk of chronic diseases. Strategies to improve non-day shift nurses' non-optimal eating behaviours may be beneficial to their health.Impact: Shiftwork is known to affect nurses' eating behaviours; however, which shift is associated with unhealthy eating remains inconclusive. Despite lower energy intakes, nurses had higher intake by snacking on evening and night shifts. High snacking intake was associated with a high intake of saturated fat. Hospitals can increase the availability of healthy foods on evening or night shifts, which may improve non-day shift nurses' non-optimal eating behaviours.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Snacking among shiftwork nurses related to non‐optimal dietary intake

Lin

Guo

Gordon

et al. 2022

Journal of Advanced Nursing

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“… 59 When dinner energy ratio was higher than 40% over years, it was associated with long-term hyperglycemia risk. 60 However, hyperglycemia might exert many cellular effects and lead to endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation, 61 both of which were risk factors for hypertension. The above studies all supported our results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction of Dietary Sodium-to-potassium Ratio and Dinner Energy Ratio on Prevalence of Hypertension in Inner Mongolia, China

Zheng

Wang

Yang

et al. 2023

Journal of Epidemiology

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Background Hypertension is one of the most common chronic diseases, and dietary factors play an important role in hypertension. We examined the interaction of dietary sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio and dinner energy ratio on hypertension. Methods We conducted this study using data from the cross-sectional National Survey for Nutrition and Adult Chronic Disease in 2015 in Inner Mongolia, China. Dietary data were collected using 24-hour diet records with food weights across 3 consecutive days. Logistic regression was used to determine the interaction of dinner energy ratio and dietary Na/K ratio on hypertension. Results A total of 1,861 participants were included in this study, and 914 individuals were hypertensive (49.1%). Dinner energy ratio and high dietary Na/K ratio were independently related to high prevalence of hypertension. A formal test showed that dinner energy ratio interacted significantly with dietary Na/K ratio on hypertension ( P < 0.001), with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.119 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.040–1.203). Participants whose dinner energy ratio greater than 39.1% and dietary Na/K ratio of 3.625–6.053 had the highest OR of hypertension prevalence, with an adjusted OR of 2.984 (95% CI, 1.758–5.066), compared with participants with dinner energy ratio of 30.2–39.1%, and dietary Na/K ratio less than 2.348. Conclusion Our study highlighted the interactive effect of dinner energy ratio and dietary Na/K ratio on hypertension among adults in Inner Mongolia. We advocated a balanced diet (dinner energy ratio not small or large) and a low dietary Na/K ratio for reducing the prevalence of hypertension.

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“…The difference in meal pattern could be attributed to cultural and social factors [ 27 , 28 ] and variations in satiety through the day [ 2 ]. However, a growing body of evidence has suggested meal pattern’s relationship with health outcomes, with a large energy proportion towards later in the day linked to higher risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia [ 4 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. Therefore, the time-of-day of energy intake demonstrated by the present study could provide critical context to research efforts to investigate the relationship with diet-related health outcomes and to generate specific public health recommendations on meal patterns for the study population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secular Trends in Time-of-Day of Energy Intake in a Chinese Cohort

Song

Wang

et al. 2022

Nutrients

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Few studies have described the status and change of time-of-day of energy intake on a population level. This study aims to investigate the secular trend in time-of-day of energy intake using a Chinese cohort, and to examine demographic disparities in trends. A total of 20,976 adults with at least two waves of dietary data in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS 1991–2018) were included. A multilevel linear mixed model was applied to the energy proportions of breakfast, lunch and dinner. A multilevel Tobit regression model was applied to the energy proportion of morning snack, afternoon snack and evening snack. Time-demographic interaction terms were tested to examine demographic disparities in the trends. From 1991 to 2018, the marginal mean of the energy proportion of breakfast experienced first a falling and then a rising trend, and the marginal mean of energy proportions of lunch and dinner both presented first a rising and then a falling trend. The marginal means of all snacks took on a rising trend. Significant time-demographic interactions were observed for energy proportion of each eating occasion. On average, female, older and rural people tended to have a higher energy proportion at breakfast and lower energy proportion at lunch and dinner. Female, younger and urban people tended to have higher snack energy proportions. The time-of-day of energy intake has first shifted towards later in the day and then towards a balanced meal pattern in this Chinese cohort. Demographic disparities were observed in both the secular trend and the mean level of energy proportions of eating occasions. The health implications of such meal patterns warrant further investigation.

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Trajectories of energy intake distribution and subsequent risk of hyperglycemia among Chinese adults: findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1997–2018)

Cited by 4 publications

References 39 publications

Snacking among shiftwork nurses related to non‐optimal dietary intake

Snacking among shiftwork nurses related to non‐optimal dietary intake

Interaction of Dietary Sodium-to-potassium Ratio and Dinner Energy Ratio on Prevalence of Hypertension in Inner Mongolia, China

Secular Trends in Time-of-Day of Energy Intake in a Chinese Cohort

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