Trajectories of Depressive Episodes and Hypertension  Over 24 Years

Nabi, Hermann; Chastang, Jean-François; Lefèvre, Thomas; Dugravot, Aline; Melchior, Maria; Marmot, Michael; Shipley, Martin J.; Kivimäki, Mika; Singh‐Manoux, Archana

doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.164061

Cited by 84 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Depressive symptoms have been shown to be associated with smoking,28 medication noncompliance,29 and physical inactivity30 as well as diabetes,31 obesity,32 hypertension,33 and inflammation 34. We added to the literature by demonstrating that these factors and others such as antidepressant use35 and corrected QT interval36 do not appear to fully explain the association between depressive symptoms and incident CVD death and stroke in otherwise healthy persons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidating the Association Between Depressive Symptoms, Coronary Heart Disease, and Stroke in Black and White Adults: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study

Moise

Khodneva

Richman

et al. 2016

JAHA

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BackgroundDepression is a relapsing and remitting disease. Prior studies on the association between depressive symptoms and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been limited by single measurements, and few if any have examined both incident coronary heart disease and stroke in a large biracial national cohort. We aimed to assess whether time‐dependent depressive symptoms conferred increased risk of incident CVD.Methods and ResultsBetween 2003 to 2007, 22 666 black and white participants (aged ≥45 years) without baseline CVD in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study were recruited. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses assessed the association between up to 3 measurements of elevated depressive symptoms (4‐item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score ≥4) and incident coronary heart disease, stroke, and CVD death adjusting for age, sex, region, income, health insurance, education, blood pressure, cholesterol, medication, obesity, diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, C‐reactive protein, corrected QT interval, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular hypertrophy, smoking, alcohol, physical inactivity, medication adherence, and antidepressant use. The participants’ average age was 63.4 years, 58.8% were female, and 41.7% black. Time‐varying depressive symptoms were significantly associated with CVD death (adjusted hazard ratio 1.30, 95% CI 1.04–1.63), with a trend toward significance for fatal and nonfatal stroke (adjusted hazard ratio 1.26, 95% CI 0.99–1.60) but not fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease (adjusted hazard ratio 1.11, 95% CI 0.89–1.38). Race did not moderate the association between depressive symptoms and CVD.ConclusionsProximal depressive symptoms were associated with incident fatal and nonfatal stroke and CVD death even after controlling for multiple explanatory factors, further supporting the urgent need for timely management of depressive symptoms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidating the Association Between Depressive Symptoms, Coronary Heart Disease, and Stroke in Black and White Adults: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study

Moise

Khodneva

Richman

et al. 2016

JAHA

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“…‡Estimate not reported as arcsine correction cannot be used, and weighted estimates included CIs with values >1 or <0. of depression between 13% and 17% during patient's lifetime and incidence between 5% and 10%. [17][18][19] It has been reported that medical illness, not only stroke, increases the risk of depression. 20 The World Health…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Natural History of Depression up to 15 Years After Stroke

Ayerbe

Ayis

Crichton

et al. 2013

Stroke

169

122

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A lthough depression is a recognized outcome of stroke, 1 most studies investigating depression after stroke have limitations, including selection bias, short follow-up, and small sample size. 2,3 The prevalence of depression in the first few years after stroke has been reported in several studies. 2 Nonetheless, evidence is poor or lacking on other estimates of the long-term natural history of depression, such as the poststroke incidence, cumulative incidence, time of onset, duration, and recurrence rate.2 Interventions for depression after stroke only show limited effect. Whether these interventions had been started at the right time after stroke and given for an adequate length of time to obtain maximal sustained response has been questioned. 4 In this article, the poststroke incidence, cumulative incidence, prevalence, time of onset, duration, and recurrence rate of depression up to 15 years after stroke are estimated in a population-based study. MethodsFirst in a lifetime stroke patients were recruited from the South London Stroke Register (SLSR), a prospective population-based stroke register covering an inner-city population of 271 817. 5 Data from patients, registered in the SLSR between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2009, and followed up between April 1, 1995 (first 3 months of follow-up assessments), and August 31, 2010, were used (patients at registration, N=4022).Patients were registered during the acute phase of stroke and were then followed up for 3 months after stroke, 1 year after stroke, and annually thereafter. The World Health Organization definition of stroke was used.6 Follow-up was by postal questionnaire or interview, depending on the capacity of patient to fill in the questionnaire. Such capacity was judged by the patient, the next of kin, or the field worker in a preceding follow-up assessment. Patients unable to complete the follow-up questionnaire, and those not returning them by post, were telephoned to arrange face-to-face interviews or have another follow-up questionnaire posted. Patients who could not be followed up at one time point remained registered and were contacted again for the following annual assessment. At follow-up, patients were Background and Purpose-Evidence on the natural history of depression after stroke is still insufficient to inform prognosis and treatment strategies. This study estimates the incidence, cumulative incidence, prevalence, time of onset, duration, and recurrence rate of depression up to 15 years after stroke. Methods-Data from patients registered in the South London Stroke Register between 1995 and 2009 were used (N=4022 at registration. Maximum number of participants for these analyses n=1233). Depression was assessed in all patients with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (scores >7=depression) 3 months after stroke, 1 year after stroke, and annually thereafter up to 15 years after stroke. Inverse probability weighting was used to calculate the estimates accounting for missing data. Results-The poststroke incidence of depression range...

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“…For instance, few studies have included a measure of depression, which is linked to stress but may be associated with a lower BP. 12,13 Another important factor is socioeconomic status (SES), which is negatively associated with hypertension, especially in high-income countries. 14,15 However, studies adjusting for SES do not usually test for a moderation hypothesis (ie, that stress may relate to hypertension to a different extent according to SES).…”

Section: March 2013mentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Status Moderates the Association Between Current Perceived Stress and High Blood Pressure

et al. 2013

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H ypertension is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular mortality worldwide and has several known risk factors, such as obesity, smoking, and excessive alcohol or salt intake.1 However, most patients with hypertension lend great importance to psychological stress in the regulation of blood pressure (BP) and in the need for taking antihypertensive drugs.2 Although acute psychological stress is associated with a transient BP elevation, 3 epidemiological studies do not consistently show chronic psychological stress to affect BP in the long term.4 Some studies found positive associations between psychological stress and hypertension, 5,6 whereas others showed no 7,8 or even negative associations. 9,10Reasons for these conflicting results can be potentially attributed to differences in the evaluation of psychological stress (eg, objective measures versus subjective measures) or outcomes (eg, BP threshold values, use of antihypertensive drugs). As regards psychological stress, objective measures quantify the exposure to several kinds of stressors (eg, stressful life events, occupational stress), whereas subjective measures, such as perceived stress, quantify the psychological Abstract-Although lay beliefs commonly relate high blood pressure (BP) to psychological stress exposure, research findings are conflicting. This study examined the association between current perceived stress and high BP, and explored the potential impact of occupational status on this association.

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Trajectories of Depressive Episodes and Hypertension Over 24 Years

Cited by 84 publications

References 38 publications

Elucidating the Association Between Depressive Symptoms, Coronary Heart Disease, and Stroke in Black and White Adults: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study

Elucidating the Association Between Depressive Symptoms, Coronary Heart Disease, and Stroke in Black and White Adults: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study

The Natural History of Depression up to 15 Years After Stroke

Occupational Status Moderates the Association Between Current Perceived Stress and High Blood Pressure

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