Trait-based extinction catches the Red Queen napping during the Cambrian

Polly, P. David

doi:10.1073/pnas.1419138111

Cited by 1 publication

(2 citation statements)

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“…preferentially small-bodied ancestors, Stanley 1973 ; extreme small sizes may have constrained marine species to low-fecundity, low-dispersal life histories, and thus imposed extinction-prone small geographic ranges and speciation-prone population structures, see Jablonski and Lutz 1983 ; Runnegar 2007 ). As predicted by Valentine-Walker-type models, Cambrian ecology may have promoted different clade dynamics relative to later times, as evidenced by the finding that Cambrian diversification rates were less closely tied to trait changes than in the rest of the Phanerozoic (Wagner and Estabrook 2014 ; Polly 2014 ). At a more basic level, macroevolutionary dynamics might evolve simply because the players change through time.…”

Section: Some Overarching Issuesmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…A more complex model of reciprocal diversification, Sepkoski’s ( 1984 , 1996 ) coupled logistic, assumes a global carrying capacity, but clades’ diversification histories can be linked or biotically impeded without static large-scale carrying capacities (Foote 2010 ; Quental and Marshall 2013 ; Silvestro et al 2017 ). Further, competitors or other enemies can drive declines in a focal group under a variety of circumstances, as Wagner and Estabrook ( 2014 ) suggest in finding elevated extinction rates in fossil clades that retain primitive characters relative to derived relatives—arguably a Red Queen pattern (Polly 2014 ).…”

Section: Sorting In a Hierarchymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Approaches to Macroevolution: 2. Sorting of Variation, Some Overarching Issues, and General Conclusions

Jablonski

2017

Evol Biol

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Approaches to macroevolution require integration of its two fundamental components, within a hierarchical framework. Following a companion paper on the origin of variation, I here discuss sorting within an evolutionary hierarchy. Species sorting—sometimes termed species selection in the broad sense, meaning differential origination and extinction owing to intrinsic biological properties—can be split into strict-sense species selection, in which rate differentials are governed by emergent, species-level traits such as geographic range size, and effect macroevolution, in which rates are governed by organism-level traits such as body size; both processes can create hitchhiking effects, indirectly causing the proliferation or decline of other traits. Several methods can operationalize the concept of emergence, so that rigorous separation of these processes is increasingly feasible. A macroevolutionary tradeoff, underlain by the intrinsic traits that influence evolutionary dynamics, causes speciation and extinction rates to covary in many clades, resulting in evolutionary volatility of some clades and more subdued behavior of others; the few clades that break the tradeoff can achieve especially prolific diversification. In addition to intrinsic biological traits at multiple levels, extrinsic events can drive the waxing and waning of clades, and the interaction of traits and events are difficult but important to disentangle. Evolutionary trends can arise in many ways, and at any hierarchical level; descriptive models can be fitted to clade trajectories in phenotypic or functional spaces, but they may not be diagnostic regarding processes, and close attention must be paid to both leading and trailing edges of apparent trends. Biotic interactions can have negative or positive effects on taxonomic diversity within a clade, but cannot be readily extrapolated from the nature of such interactions at the organismic level. The relationships among macroevolutionary currencies through time (taxonomic richness, morphologic disparity, functional variety) are crucial for understanding the nature of evolutionary diversification. A novel approach to diversity-disparity analysis shows that taxonomic diversifications can lag behind, occur in concert with, or precede, increases in disparity. Some overarching issues relating to both the origin and sorting of clades and phenotypes include the macroevolutionary role of mass extinctions, the potential differences between plant and animal macroevolution, whether macroevolutionary processes have changed through geologic time, and the growing human impact on present-day macroevolution. Many challenges remain, but progress is being made on two of the key ones: (a) the integration of variation-generating mechanisms and the multilevel sorting processes that act on that variation, and (b) the integration of paleontological and neontological approaches to historical biology.

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