Training Requirements for LNG Ship-to-Ship Transfer

Abstract

Due to large quantities of cargo transported by oil carriers, as well as the inability of many ports to accommodate such ships, the solution was found in the application of STS (Ship-to-Ship) operation. Opposite, LNG STS terminals are usually set up where the construction of a classic onshore terminal is impossible or economically unprofitable. However, such an operation is associated with increased risks which could be minimized by taking precautions, following the regulations, and having well trained officers and crew on board. Well trained and competent crews are indispensable in STS procedures to minimize the risks to which STS processes are exposed, especially those that can threaten the environment. This paper elaborates LNG STS procedure and discusses the necessity for appropriate training of seafarers involved in such operations. Furthermore, it proposes education requirements for officers involved in LNG STS procedures based on relevant recommendations, practices, and perceived shortcomings.

AIS Data Manipulation in the Illicit Global Oil Trade

“…Most commonly, STS operations are used to handle crude oil, petroleum products, and liquified gas [5]. The STS operations of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Annex I's cargo within territorial waters (TTWs) and the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of a MARPOL Contracting Party are reported in advance to the competent authority of the coastal state, while coastal state authorities may require notifications for MARPOL Annex II and other cargoes.…”

“…IMO Resolution MEPC 186(59)/2009 amended the MARPOL Annex I by adding Chapter 8 to provide a common international framework addressing applications, preparations of STS operation plans, persons in overall advisory control, retention of records on board, and notifications for operations within the TTW and EEZ [8]. In addition, the publication Ship to Ship Transfer Guide for Petroleum, Chemicals and Liquefied Gasses, developed by maritime industry organizations, provides guidance and recommendations for the planning and actions of all responsible persons involved in the operation [5].…”