Training - Overtraining. A Prospective, Experimental Study with Experienced Middle- and Long-Distance Runners*

Abstract

Overtraining may be one frequent cause of stagnation or decrease in performance capacity of athletes. Israel (19) differentiates between addisonoid (parasympathetic) and basedowoid (sympathetic) overtraining, characterized by inhibition or excitation. We tried to induce an overtraining syndrome in 8 experienced middle- and long-distance runners, based on an increase in training volume from an average 85.9 km (week 1) to 115.1 km (week 2) and 143.1 km (week 3) to 174.6 km per week (week 4). The influence of this training on cardiovascular, metabolic and hormonal parameters was examined with special respect to plasma and urinary catecholamines. Laboratory testing including graded treadmill running was performed on the days 0, 14 and 28. Training was held six days each week, with nearly 30 km per day in the fourth week. A stagnation in endurance performance capacity (running velocity at the aerobic-anaerobic transition range) and a decrease in maximum working capacity were observed in 6 and a stagnation in 2 of the 8 sportsmen, indicated by a decrease in total running distance from 4719 + 912 m to 4361 + 788 m during incremental treadmill ergometry. The sportsmen could neither improve nor could they even approximately reach their personal records during the subsequent competitive season. Subjective complaints, classified on a four-point scale, increased from 1.2 (week 1) to 3.2 in week 4. Glucose, lactate, ammonia, glycerol, free fatty acids, albumin, LDL, VLDL cholesterol, hemoglobin level (transient), leukocytes, and heart rate (before and during exercise) decreased significantly. Urea, creatinine, uric acid, GOT, GPT, gamma-GT, serum electrolytes (except phosphate and calcium) remained constant at the measuring times, CPK was elevated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Níveis Bioquímicos após suplementação em Policias Militares durante treinamento físico

“…Os autores observaram um aumento dos níveis desta variável no sangue. Outros estudos não reportam alterações significativas nas concentrações séricas em resposta ao treinamento (Lehmann et al, 1991;Lehmann, Wiedland, & Gastmann, 1997).…”

Compreendendo o overtraining no desporto: da definição ao tratamento

“…Embora muitos estudos tenham sido realizados com o objetivo de determinar parâmetros capazes de detectar o OT, ainda não foi possível estabelecer um marcador universal capaz de identificar, em um grupo de atletas, aqueles que apresentam possibilidade de desenvolver o OT ao longo de um programa de treinamento [22,33,47,84]. Desta maneira, o monitoramento regular da combinação de variáveis de performance, fisiológicas, psicológicas, bioquími-cas e imunológicas parece ser a melhor estratégia para avaliar a adaptação do atleta ao treinamento e evitar o OT.…”

“…d) Uréia. A maioria dos estudos não constatou alteração na concentração plasmática de uréia em atletas em OT [44,47,49]. Halson et al [30] verificaram uma tendência (p = 0,057) da concentração de uréia aumentar após duas semanas em que o volume de treinamento normal em ciclistas foi dobrado.…”

“…Contudo, Halson et al [30] verificaram uma tendência (p = 0,067) da concentração de amônia aumentar após duas semanas em que o volume de treinamento normal em ciclistas foi dobrado. f) Creatinina: Lehmann et al [47] não observaram alteração na concentração plasmática basal de creatinina em corredores de fundo e meio fundo em resposta ao aumento semanal de aproximadamente 33% no volume de treinamento durante 4 semanas.…”

Operator Functional State Assessment (L'evaluation de l'aptitude operationnelle de l'operateur humain)

“…Urinary catecholamines measured during resting periods have been reported to show lower levels after overtraining compared to levels prior to the overtraining (Lehmann et al, 1991). Venous norepinephrine may rise after workouts in short periods of resistance exercise (Fry, Kraemer & Van Borselen, 1994) or may decrease with exhaustion in endurance exercise (Lehmann, Gastmann & Petersen, 1992;Lehmann, Schnee, & Scheu, 1992).…”