“…Andrisano Ruggieri et al, 2020;Aziz, Quraishi, 2017;Beatty, 2011;Christensen, 2016;Christensen, 2019;Efe, Ulutas, 2022;Ender, Ozcan, 2019;Malm, 2004;Siswanto, Kuswandono, 2020). It is undoubtedly a significant problem as it has the potential to -in Goffman's terms -"frame" experiences and practices (Bavli, Kocabaş, 2022;Damore, Rieckhof, 2021) not only with regard to ECE, but also in relation to the teacher trainees (Slovacek, Minova, 2021), high school Montessori education (Rathunde, Csikszentmihalyi, 2005) and other "alternative" pedagogies (Dodd-Nufrio, 2011). Although it has not yet been thoroughly investigated in Polish educational culture, the reports by Zdybel show teachers have unique epistemological personal theories (theories of knowledge <construction>) that may affect their practices (Zdybel, 2020).…”