Training, muscle volume, and energy expenditure in nonobese American girls

Eliakim, Alon; Scheett, Tim P.; Allmendinger, Nicki; Brasel, Jo Anne; Cooper, Dan M.

doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.1.35

Cited by 39 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Experimental training studies with children aged 8 years and older indicate improvements in aerobic fitness 24 28 30 32 79–81. Some intervention studies have used high-intensity aerobic sports, but it is interesting that differences in fitness were also found in relation to everyday activities such as cycling to school, and the differences seem not to be caused by selection 82–85.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors in children

et al. 2011

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BACKGROUND: A number of recent systematic reviews have resulted in changes in international recommendations for children's participation in physical activity (PA) for health. The World Health Authority (WHO) has recently released new recommendations. The WHO still recommends 60 min of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), but also emphasises that these minutes should be on top of everyday physical activities. Everyday physical activities total around 30 min of MVPA in the quintile of the least active children, which means that the new recommendations constitute more activity in total compared with earlier recommendations. OBJECTIVE: To summarise evidence justifying new PA recommendation for cardiovascular health in children. METHODS: The results of recent systematic reviews are discussed and supplemented with relevant literature not included in these reviews. PubMed was searched for the years 2006-2011 for additional topics not sufficiently covered by the reviews. RE-SULTS: PA was associated with lower blood pressure and a healthier lipid blood profile in children. The association was stronger when a composite risk factor score was analysed, and the associations between physical fitness and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors were even stronger. Muscle strength and endurance exercise each had an effect on blood lipids and insulin sensitivity even if the effect was smaller for muscle strength than for aerobic exercise. New evidence suggests possible effects of PA on C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION: There is accumulating evidence that PA can have beneficial effects on the risk factors of CVD in children. Public health policy to promote PA in children, especially the most sedentary children, may be a key element to prevent the onset of CVD later in the children's lives. Methods The results of recent systematic reviews are discussed and supplemented with relevant literature not included in these reviews. PubMed was searched for the years 2006-2011 for additional topics not suffi ciently covered by the reviews.Results PA was associated with lower blood pressure and a healthier lipid blood profi le in children. The association was stronger when a composite risk factor score was analysed, and the associations between physical fi tness and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors were even stronger. Muscle strength and endurance exercise each had an effect on blood lipids and insulin sensitivity even if the effect was smaller for muscle strength than for aerobic exercise. New evidence suggests possible effects of PA on C-reactive protein.Conclusion There is accumulating evidence that PA can have benefi cial effects on the risk factors of CVD in children. Public health policy to promote PA in children, especially the most sedentary children, may be a key element to prevent the onset of CVD later in the children's lives.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors in children

et al. 2011

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“…34 Very little is known about the histology and microscopic morphology of muscles in spastic type CP. 12,40 Genetic alterations have been identified in spastic CP muscle, 41 which give rise to competing pathways for muscle hypertrophy and decrease in anabolic growth factors. 36 The mechanisms for the difference in muscle size between the groups of children with CP and CTD may include neuronal, endocrinal, nutritional, and mechanical growth factors in conjunction with treatments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medial gastrocnemius muscle volume in ambulant children with unilateral and bilateral cerebral palsy aged 2 to 9 years

Barber

Read

Stern

et al. 2016

Develop Med Child Neuro

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3DThree-dimensional BCP Children with bilateral cerebral palsy CTD Children with typical development MDF Maximum dorsiflexion UCP Children with unilateral cerebral palsy AIM Calf muscle growth in children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP) and bilateral cerebral palsy (BCP) is unknown. This cross-sectional study examines the medial gastrocnemius growth rates of ambulatory children with UCP and BCP compared with children with typical development (CTD), aged 2 to 9 years. METHOD Fifty children with UCP (mean age 66mo [SD 18], 29 males, Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] I=32, II=18), 50 children with BCP (age 64mo [SD 19], 31 males, GMFCS I=21, II=29), and 78 CTD (age 64mo [SD 16], 40 males) participated in the study. The medial gastrocnemius muscle volume was measured at rest using a validated freehand three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound method.RESULTS Normalized medial gastrocnemius muscle growth rate was significantly less in the children with UCP (0.001 mL/kg/mo) compared with the BCP (0.015 mL/kg/mo, p=0.001) and CTD (0.014 mL/kg/mo, p<0.001) groups. Normalized medial gastrocnemius muscle growth rate was the same in the BCP and CTD groups (p=0.77).

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“…A deficit in voluntary muscle activation in individuals with CP [44,45] may limit the contractile stimulus to induce normal muscle growth, and may also reduce muscle growth factor release for protein synthesis [46]. Further, individuals with spastic CP may also have lower physical activity levels [47][48][49] and, therefore, may experience reduced stimulus for muscle growth than the TD group [50,51]. Although there was significant growth of the MG muscle from baseline to 12 months follow-up in both CP groups, the proportion of contractile and non-contractile material which composes the muscle was not determined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of botulinum toxin injection frequency on calf muscle growth in young children with spastic cerebral palsy: A 12-month prospective study

Barber

Hastings-Ison

Baker

et al. 2013

Journal of Children's Orthopaedics

101

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Purpose This study was a 12-month prospective investigation of changes in the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle morphology in children aged 2-5 years with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) who had received no previous intramuscular injections of botulinum neurotoxin type-A (BoNT-A) and were randomised to receive either single or multiple (three) BoNT-A injections to the gastrocsoleus. MG morphological changes were compared to age-matched typically developing (TD) peers. Methods Thirteen children with spastic CP with a mean age of 45 (15) months and 18 TD children with a mean age of 48 (14) months participated in the study. The principal outcome measures were MG muscle volume, fascicle length, pennation angle and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), which were obtained using 2D and 3D ultrasound.Results The single and multiple injection frequency groups significantly increased MG muscle volume at 12 months relative to the baseline by 13 and 15 %, respectively. There were no significant differences in the MG muscle volume 28.5 (12.3) versus 30.3 (3.8) ml, fascicle length 48.0 (10.4) versus 44.8 (1.2) mm or PCSA 7.0 (1.2) versus 6.6 (1.7) cm 2 between the single and multiple injection groups, respectively, at 12 months follow-up. The change in MG muscle volume in the single and multiple injection groups was significantly lower than the TD peers by 66 and 60 %, respectively. Interpretation In young children with spastic CP, naive to BoNT-A treatment, MG muscle growth over 12 months does not appear to be influenced by intramuscular BoNT-A injection frequency. However, MG muscle growth in the spastic CP groups was significantly lower than the agematched TD peers. It is unclear whether this is an effect of intramuscular BoNT-A injections or reduced growth rates in children with spastic CP in general. 123J Child Orthop (2013) 7:425-433 DOI 10.1007 investigations and longitudinal studies with multiple measurement time points are required in order to determine the influence of BoNT-A treatment on muscle physiological and mechanical growth factors in young children with spastic CP.

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Training, muscle volume, and energy expenditure in nonobese American girls

Cited by 39 publications

References 34 publications

Physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors in children

Physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors in children

Medial gastrocnemius muscle volume in ambulant children with unilateral and bilateral cerebral palsy aged 2 to 9 years

The effects of botulinum toxin injection frequency on calf muscle growth in young children with spastic cerebral palsy: A 12-month prospective study

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